For teachers

Teaching the Gothic

Everything for a Gothic unit in one place: the novels with their study guides and quizzes, a ghost-story writing challenge modelled on Byron's in 1816, classroom activities, and a research project on where horror comes from. All free; the books are in the Library in full.

Students: see Studying the Gothic.

The books

Each book has the full text with chapter summaries, analysis, notable quotations, a character map and a six-page study guide (introduction, structure, context, craft, themes and further reading), plus online quizzes with every answer explained.

The Castle of Otranto

Horace Walpole · 1764 · A preface and 5 chapters

The first Gothic novel: a usurper, a prophecy, a giant helmet that falls from the sky, and a castle that will not let its secrets lie.

The Mysteries of Udolpho

Ann Radcliffe · 1794 · 4 volumes, 57 chapters

A heroine trapped in a mountain castle, a black veil, and a natural explanation for almost every terror.

The Monk

Matthew Lewis · 1796 · A preface and 12 chapters

Radcliffe's opposite: a celebrated monk, a bargain with the Devil, and nothing explained away.

Northanger Abbey

Jane Austen · 1817 · An advertisement and 31 chapters

The Gothic laughed at: a heroine who has read too much Radcliffe visits a real abbey.

Frankenstein

Mary Shelley · 1818 · 4 letters and 24 chapters

Born from a ghost-story contest in 1816: a young scientist makes a living being, and runs from it.

A Christmas Carol

Charles Dickens · 1843 · A preface and 5 staves

Scrooge, three spirits and one long night: the most famous ghost story in English.

Jane Eyre

Charlotte Brontë · 1847 · A preface, a note and 38 chapters

A governess, a brooding master, and a laugh from the locked third storey.

Wuthering Heights

Emily Brontë · 1847 · 34 chapters

A foundling, a passion that outlives death, and a ghost at the window on the moors.

Carmilla

J. Sheridan Le Fanu · 1872 · A prologue and 16 chapters

A lonely girl in a Styrian castle and a beautiful, languid guest: the vampire story Stoker knew well.

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Robert Louis Stevenson · 1886 · 10 chapters

A respectable doctor, a brutal stranger, and the secret that binds them.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

Oscar Wilde · 1891 · The preface and 20 chapters

A young man stays beautiful while his portrait records every sin.

The Great God Pan

Arthur Machen · 1894 · 8 chapters

An experiment on a girl's brain, and the deaths that follow it through London society.

The Island of Doctor Moreau

H. G. Wells · 1896 · An introduction and 22 chapters

A shipwrecked man on an island where a scientist is turning animals into men.

Dracula

Bram Stoker · 1897 · 27 chapters

A vampire comes to London, and a band of friends hunts him with typewriters, telegrams and the oldest weapons of faith.

The Turn of the Screw

Henry James · 1898 · A prologue and 24 chapters

A governess, two children and two ghosts who may not be there at all.

Coming next: Edgar Allan Poe's tales of terror. The full plan is in the Gothic lineage.

The Diodati Challenge

In June 1816 Lord Byron told his guests, "We will each write a ghost story." One of them wrote Frankenstein. Set your class the same challenge. Start with the story of that summer.

The rules
  • Write a ghost story of 800–1,500 words. "Ghost story" in the 1816 sense: anything meant to frighten, not only ghosts.
  • It must use at least three conventions from What makes a story Gothic, and you will name them in a short note.
  • Choose a frame, as the Gothic writers did: a found manuscript, letters, a diary, a confession, or a story told to someone else.
  • Aim for terror (dread of what might happen) more than horror (what has happened). Show less than you could.
  • No gore for its own sake, and nothing that would upset a classmate if it were read aloud.
A week's plan
  • Day 1: Read the ghost-story summer together. Mary Shelley could not think of a story for days: talk about where ideas come from.
  • Day 2: Choose your conventions and your frame; write a one-paragraph plan and an opening line.
  • Days 3–4: Draft. Peer-read in pairs: where did you feel dread? Where did it go flat?
  • Day 5: Revise and hand in, with a 100-word note naming your conventions and frame.
  • Day 6: Read-aloud night: lights down, as at the Villa Diodati. The class votes for the story that would have won Byron's contest.
Marking
  • Atmosphere and dread: Setting, weather, pacing and suggestion build fear rather than announcing it.
  • Gothic conventions: Three or more used purposefully, and named correctly in the note.
  • The frame: The frame shapes what the reader knows and does not know.
  • Craft: Controlled sentences, precise vocabulary, accurate spelling and punctuation.

Classroom activities

Each works in one or two lessons, and every one sends students back to the text.

1

Convention hunt

Give groups one chapter each from a Library book. They find every Gothic convention in it, with a quotation for each, and report back. Build a class chart across all three books.

2

Terror or horror?

Ann Radcliffe said terror expands the mind and horror freezes it. Students sort short passages into the two and defend their choices.

3

The trial of Victor Frankenstein

Who is responsible for the deaths of William, Justine, Clerval and Elizabeth? Assign prosecution, defence, witnesses (including the Creature) and a jury. Every claim must cite the text.

4

Build a Dracula dossier

Dracula is a file of documents. Students write one missing document in a character's voice (a telegram, a newspaper report, a ship's log entry) that fits the novel's dates and facts.

5

Two vampires

Read the account of Polidori's Lord Ruthven on the Diodati page, then Dracula's first appearance. What does each vampire make readers of his time afraid of?

6

The haunted house through time

Pliny's Athens house (c. 100 CE), Otranto (1764), the House of Usher (1839): use the lineage to compare what each house hides and why the dead come back.

7

Decode the prophecy

Otranto turns on a riddling prophecy. Students predict what it means after Chapter I, then check their predictions as the novel unfolds.

8

Map the frame

Draw Frankenstein's nested narrators as boxes inside boxes. Who is speaking on any given page, and who is listening? What does each narrator have reason to hide?

Research project: where horror comes from

Twelve topics for short presentations, in pairs or small groups, with two guiding questions each. The audience takes notes using the general questions at the end. Starting points: the Gothic lineage, the Diodati page, and each book's context page in the Library.

1. Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill
  • Who was Walpole, and why did he build himself a Gothic castle at Twickenham?
  • How did his house and his dream of a gigantic armoured hand lead to The Castle of Otranto?
2. The Gothic before the Gothic novel
  • What ghosts and monsters appear in ancient and medieval literature (Homer, Pliny, Beowulf, Dante)?
  • Which of their ideas did Gothic writers inherit?
3. Burke and the sublime
  • What did Edmund Burke mean by the sublime, and why did he link it to terror?
  • Find a sublime landscape in a Gothic novel and explain its effect.
4. Ann Radcliffe and the "explained supernatural"
  • Why was Radcliffe the most popular novelist of the 1790s?
  • What is the difference between her terror and Matthew Lewis's horror in The Monk?
5. The summer of 1816
  • Who was at the Villa Diodati, and what was the ghost-story challenge?
  • What did each of them write, and what became of it?
6. Science and Frankenstein
  • What were galvanism and the experiments on the bodies of executed criminals?
  • How does Frankenstein respond to the science of its time?
7. The vampire before Dracula
  • How did folklore vampires differ from Polidori's Lord Ruthven?
  • Trace the vampire from The Vampyre (1819) through Varney and Carmilla to Dracula (1897).
8. Victorian fears in Dracula
  • What did late-Victorian readers fear: disease, foreigners, new women, new technology?
  • Find evidence of each in Dracula.
9. Edgar Allan Poe
  • How did Poe change the tale of terror, and why did he favour the short story?
  • Choose one Poe story and show how it moves horror inside the mind.
10. Women and the Gothic
  • Why were so many Gothic writers and readers women (Radcliffe, Shelley, the Brontës)?
  • How do Gothic heroines differ from one book to the next?
11. The Gothic Revival in architecture
  • What happened to Gothic architecture between the Middle Ages and the 1800s?
  • Which famous buildings belong to the Gothic Revival (the Houses of Parliament, Strawberry Hill)?
12. The Gothic on screen
  • How have Frankenstein and Dracula changed in film, from Nosferatu (1922) to today?
  • What does each adaptation keep, cut or invent, and why?
For the audience: questions for every talk
  • What are the main facts or ideas presented about the topic?
  • Which Gothic books or authors were mentioned, and how do they connect to what we are reading?
  • What are some intriguing or surprising facts mentioned?
  • Can you identify any possible bias or particular perspective in the presentation?
  • What questions would you like to ask the presenter for more information?

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