The Picture of Dorian Gray Study Guide
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Chapter XX

Chapter Summary

Walking home one evening, Dorian overhears strangers identify him and reflects bitterly on his fame, contrasting it with the innocent country girl Hetty Merton, who possessed everything he has lost. Back in his library he wrestles with whether change is possible, smashes the mirror Lord Henry once gave him, and rehearses the crimes—Basil Hallward's murder, Alan Campbell's suicide, James Vane's death—that weigh on his conscience.

Hoping that sparing Hetty signals genuine reform, Dorian goes to inspect the portrait. Finding it more loathsome than ever—now bearing a look of cunning and hypocrisy—he concludes his goodness was mere vanity. Resolving to destroy the portrait and with it his past, he seizes the knife that killed Basil and stabs the canvas. A terrible cry is heard; servants and passers-by eventually force entry to find a withered, unrecognisable corpse on the floor and, hanging pristine on the wall, the portrait of Dorian in the full beauty of his youth.

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Original Text
It was a lovely night, so warm that he threw his coat over his arm and did not even put his silk scarf round his throat. As he strolled home, smoking his cigarette, two young men in evening dress passed him. He heard one of them whisper to the other, “That is Dorian Gray.” He remembered how pleased he used to be when he was pointed out, or stared at, or talked about. He was tired of hearing his own name now. Half the charm of the little village where he had been so often lately was that no one knew who he was. He had often told the girl whom he had lured to love him that he was poor, and she had believed him. He had told her once that he was wicked, and she had laughed at him and answered that wicked people were always very old and very ugly. What a laugh she had!—just like a thrush singing. And how pretty she had been in her cotton dresses and her large hats! She knew nothing, but she had everything that he had lost. When he reached home, he found his servant waiting up for him. He sent him to bed, and threw himself down on the sofa in the library, and began to think over some of the things that Lord Henry had said to him. Was it really true that one could never change? He felt a wild longing for the unstained purity of his boyhood—his rose-white boyhood, as Lord Henry had once called it. He knew that he had tarnished himself, filled his mind with corruption and given horror to his fancy; that he had been an evil influence to others, and had experienced a terrible joy in being so; and that of the lives that had crossed his own, it had been the fairest and the most full of promise that he had brought to shame. But was it all irretrievable? Was there no hope for him? Ah! in what a monstrous moment of pride and passion he had prayed that the portrait should bear the burden of his days, and he keep the unsullied splendour of eternal youth! All his failure had been due to that. Better for him that each sin of his life had brought its sure swift penalty along with it. There was purification in punishment. Not “Forgive us our sins” but “Smite us for our iniquities” should be the prayer of man to a most just God. The curiously carved mirror that Lord Henry had given to him, so many years ago now, was standing on the table, and the white-limbed Cupids laughed round it as of old. He took it up, as he had done on that night of horror when he had first noted the change in the fatal picture, and with wild, tear-dimmed eyes looked into its polished shield. Once, some one who had terribly loved him had written to him a mad letter, ending with these idolatrous words: “The world is changed because you are made of ivory and gold. The curves of your lips rewrite history.” The phrases came back to his memory, and he repeated them over and over to himself. Then he loathed his own beauty, and flinging the mirror on the floor, crushed it into silver splinters beneath his heel. It was his beauty that had ruined him, his beauty and the youth that he had prayed for. But for those two things, his life might have been free from stain. His beauty had been to him but a mask, his youth but a mockery. What was youth at best? A green, an unripe time, a time of shallow moods, and sickly thoughts. Why had he worn its livery? Youth had spoiled him. It was better not to think of the past. Nothing could alter that. It was of himself, and of his own future, that he had to think. James Vane was hidden in a nameless grave in Selby churchyard. Alan Campbell had shot himself one night in his laboratory, but had not revealed the secret that he had been forced to know. The excitement, such as it was, over Basil Hallward’s disappearance would soon pass away. It was already waning. He was perfectly safe there. Nor, indeed, was it the death of Basil Hallward that weighed most upon his mind. It was the living death of his own soul that troubled him. Basil had painted the portrait that had marred his life. He could not forgive him that. It was the portrait that had done everything. Basil had said things to him that were unbearable, and that he had yet borne with patience. The murder had been simply the madness of a moment. As for Alan Campbell, his suicide had been his own act. He had chosen to do it. It was nothing to him. A new life! That was what he wanted. That was what he was waiting for. Surely he had begun it already. He had spared one innocent thing, at any rate. He would never again tempt innocence. He would be good. As he thought of Hetty Merton, he began to wonder if the portrait in the locked room had changed. Surely it was not still so horrible as it had been? Perhaps if his life became pure, he would be able to expel every sign of evil passion from the face. Perhaps the signs of evil had already gone away. He would go and look. He took the lamp from the table and crept upstairs. As he unbarred the door, a smile of joy flitted across his strangely young-looking face and lingered for a moment about his lips. Yes, he would be good, and the hideous thing that he had hidden away would no longer be a terror to him. He felt as if the load had been lifted from him already. He went in quietly, locking the door behind him, as was his custom, and dragged the purple hanging from the portrait. A cry of pain and indignation broke from him. He could see no change, save that in the eyes there was a look of cunning and in the mouth the curved wrinkle of the hypocrite. The thing was still loathsome—more loathsome, if possible, than before—and the scarlet dew that spotted the hand seemed brighter, and more like blood newly spilled. Then he trembled. Had it been merely vanity that had made him do his one good deed? Or the desire for a new sensation, as Lord Henry had hinted, with his mocking laugh? Or that passion to act a part that sometimes makes us do things finer than we are ourselves? Or, perhaps, all these? And why was the red stain larger than it had been? It seemed to have crept like a horrible disease over the wrinkled fingers. There was blood on the painted feet, as though the thing had dripped—blood even on the hand that had not held the knife. Confess? Did it mean that he was to confess? To give himself up and be put to death? He laughed. He felt that the idea was monstrous. Besides, even if he did confess, who would believe him? There was no trace of the murdered man anywhere. Everything belonging to him had been destroyed. He himself had burned what had been below-stairs. The world would simply say that he was mad. They would shut him up if he persisted in his story.... Yet it was his duty to confess, to suffer public shame, and to make public atonement. There was a God who called upon men to tell their sins to earth as well as to heaven. Nothing that he could do would cleanse him till he had told his own sin. His sin? He shrugged his shoulders. The death of Basil Hallward seemed very little to him. He was thinking of Hetty Merton. For it was an unjust mirror, this mirror of his soul that he was looking at. Vanity? Curiosity? Hypocrisy? Had there been nothing more in his renunciation than that? There had been something more. At least he thought so. But who could tell? ... No. There had been nothing more. Through vanity he had spared her. In hypocrisy he had worn the mask of goodness. For curiosity’s sake he had tried the denial of self. He recognized that now. But this murder—was it to dog him all his life? Was he always to be burdened by his past? Was he really to confess? Never. There was only one bit of evidence left against him. The picture itself—that was evidence. He would destroy it. Why had he kept it so long? Once it had given him pleasure to watch it changing and growing old. Of late he had felt no such pleasure. It had kept him awake at night. When he had been away, he had been filled with terror lest other eyes should look upon it. It had brought melancholy across his passions. Its mere memory had marred many moments of joy. It had been like conscience to him. Yes, it had been conscience. He would destroy it. He looked round and saw the knife that had stabbed Basil Hallward. He had cleaned it many times, till there was no stain left upon it. It was bright, and glistened. As it had killed the painter, so it would kill the painter’s work, and all that that meant. It would kill the past, and when that was dead, he would be free. It would kill this monstrous soul-life, and without its hideous warnings, he would be at peace. He seized the thing, and stabbed the picture with it. There was a cry heard, and a crash. The cry was so horrible in its agony that the frightened servants woke and crept out of their rooms. Two gentlemen, who were passing in the square below, stopped and looked up at the great house. They walked on till they met a policeman and brought him back. The man rang the bell several times, but there was no answer. Except for a light in one of the top windows, the house was all dark. After a time, he went away and stood in an adjoining portico and watched. “Whose house is that, Constable?” asked the elder of the two gentlemen. “Mr. Dorian Gray’s, sir,” answered the policeman. They looked at each other, as they walked away, and sneered. One of them was Sir Henry Ashton’s uncle. Inside, in the servants’ part of the house, the half-clad domestics were talking in low whispers to each other. Old Mrs. Leaf was crying and wringing her hands. Francis was as pale as death. After about a quarter of an hour, he got the coachman and one of the footmen and crept upstairs. They knocked, but there was no reply. They called out. Everything was still. Finally, after vainly trying to force the door, they got on the roof and dropped down on to the balcony. The windows yielded easily—their bolts were old. When they entered, they found hanging upon the wall a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was. THE END
Source text: Project Gutenberg #174. Public domain worldwide.
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Chapter XX functions as the novel's catastrophic resolution, enacting the Faustian bargain Dorian struck in Chapter II with devastating literalness. Throughout the chapter Wilde sustains a tension between Dorian's capacity for self-knowledge and his incapacity for genuine moral transformation. His meditation on punishment—"Not 'Forgive us our sins' but 'Smite us for our iniquities' should be the prayer of man to a most just God"—reveals a man who intellectually grasps the logic of moral consequence yet cannot submit to it. The prayer he articulates is orthodox and even noble, but it remains purely rhetorical; he never acts on it. This gap between eloquent moral reasoning and paralysed will is the defining irony of Dorian's character throughout the novel.

The portrait's final appearance crystallises the novel's central doppelgänger structure. Where earlier chapters showed the portrait accumulating the marks of sin while Dorian remained physically untouched, the closing tableau reverses the exchange: the portrait is restored to "all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty" while Dorian's corpse is "withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage." Wilde's syntax is precise—the portrait is described first, the corpse second—so that readers, like the servants, must work to recognise the dead man. The soul, externalised in paint, outlives and outlooks the body that disowned it. Identity, Wilde implies, cannot be separated from moral history.

The smashed mirror episode reinforces the chapter's preoccupation with vanity and self-deception. The mirror, a gift from Lord Henry and thus an emblem of the aesthetic philosophy that corrupted Dorian, is destroyed in a moment of self-loathing; yet the act is itself theatrical, another performance of feeling rather than genuine repentance. The quoted love-letter—"The world is changed because you are made of ivory and gold. The curves of your lips rewrite history"—echoes the hyperbolic language of the Aesthetic movement and of Lord Henry's early speeches, reminding us that Dorian's beauty was always already a cultural construction, a text written by others upon him.

Wilde's handling of conscience in this chapter is philosophically sophisticated. Dorian explicitly names the portrait as "conscience," and his decision to destroy it is framed as an attempt to annihilate moral memory itself. The knife that killed Basil is redeployed against Basil's work, collapsing the distinction between the original crime and its attempted erasure. The novel's moral logic is inexorable: the instrument of murder becomes the instrument of self-destruction. Wilde does not moralize overtly; the plot mechanics carry the ethical weight, allowing the ending to feel simultaneously like punishment and like tragic inevitability.

The chapter's closing perspective—the servants, the policeman, the two unnamed gentlemen, one of them Sir Henry Ashton's uncle—deliberately widens the narrative lens at the moment of Dorian's death. Society, which has gossiped about and enabled Dorian throughout the novel, is the last witness. The sneering of the two gentlemen as they walk away suggests that social judgment is as superficial in death as it was in life; they do not know what has happened, only that something scandalous has. This ironic distance is Wilde's final comment on the world that produced Dorian Gray: it will never truly understand what it has lost, or what it created.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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