The Turn of the Screw Study Guide
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Chapter XV

Chapter Summary

After Miles extracts an implicit admission of fear from the governess during their churchyard conversation, she cannot bring herself to rejoin him in the pew. She walks around the church, tempted to flee Bly altogether, and eventually returns to the house while the servants are at the service. Collapsing on the staircase — the very spot where she once saw Miss Jessel's ghost — she steadies herself and continues to the schoolroom.

There she finds a figure seated at her table, head resting on her hands, writing with apparent weariness. As the governess registers the scene, the figure rises with grand, indifferent melancholy and reveals herself as the specter of Miss Jessel. The governess cries out, 'You terrible, miserable woman!' The apparition vanishes, leaving only sunlight — and the governess's resolve to stay.

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The business was practically settled from the moment I never followed him. It was a pitiful surrender to agitation, but my being aware of this had somehow no power to restore me. I only sat there on my tomb and read into what my little friend had said to me the fullness of its meaning; by the time I had grasped the whole of which I had also embraced, for absence, the pretext that I was ashamed to offer my pupils and the rest of the congregation such an example of delay. What I said to myself above all was that Miles had got something out of me and that the proof of it, for him, would be just this awkward collapse. He had got out of me that there was something I was much afraid of and that he should probably be able to make use of my fear to gain, for his own purpose, more freedom. My fear was of having to deal with the intolerable question of the grounds of his dismissal from school, for that was really but the question of the horrors gathered behind. That his uncle should arrive to treat with me of these things was a solution that, strictly speaking, I ought now to have desired to bring on; but I could so little face the ugliness and the pain of it that I simply procrastinated and lived from hand to mouth. The boy, to my deep discomposure, was immensely in the right, was in a position to say to me: “Either you clear up with my guardian the mystery of this interruption of my studies, or you cease to expect me to lead with you a life that’s so unnatural for a boy.” What was so unnatural for the particular boy I was concerned with was this sudden revelation of a consciousness and a plan. That was what really overcame me, what prevented my going in. I walked round the church, hesitating, hovering; I reflected that I had already, with him, hurt myself beyond repair. Therefore I could patch up nothing, and it was too extreme an effort to squeeze beside him into the pew: he would be so much more sure than ever to pass his arm into mine and make me sit there for an hour in close, silent contact with his commentary on our talk. For the first minute since his arrival I wanted to get away from him. As I paused beneath the high east window and listened to the sounds of worship, I was taken with an impulse that might master me, I felt, completely should I give it the least encouragement. I might easily put an end to my predicament by getting away altogether. Here was my chance; there was no one to stop me; I could give the whole thing up—turn my back and retreat. It was only a question of hurrying again, for a few preparations, to the house which the attendance at church of so many of the servants would practically have left unoccupied. No one, in short, could blame me if I should just drive desperately off. What was it to get away if I got away only till dinner? That would be in a couple of hours, at the end of which—I had the acute prevision—my little pupils would play at innocent wonder about my nonappearance in their train. “What _did_ you do, you naughty, bad thing? Why in the world, to worry us so—and take our thoughts off, too, don’t you know?—did you desert us at the very door?” I couldn’t meet such questions nor, as they asked them, their false little lovely eyes; yet it was all so exactly what I should have to meet that, as the prospect grew sharp to me, I at last let myself go. I got, so far as the immediate moment was concerned, away; I came straight out of the churchyard and, thinking hard, retraced my steps through the park. It seemed to me that by the time I reached the house I had made up my mind I would fly. The Sunday stillness both of the approaches and of the interior, in which I met no one, fairly excited me with a sense of opportunity. Were I to get off quickly, this way, I should get off without a scene, without a word. My quickness would have to be remarkable, however, and the question of a conveyance was the great one to settle. Tormented, in the hall, with difficulties and obstacles, I remember sinking down at the foot of the staircase—suddenly collapsing there on the lowest step and then, with a revulsion, recalling that it was exactly where more than a month before, in the darkness of night and just so bowed with evil things, I had seen the specter of the most horrible of women. At this I was able to straighten myself; I went the rest of the way up; I made, in my bewilderment, for the schoolroom, where there were objects belonging to me that I should have to take. But I opened the door to find again, in a flash, my eyes unsealed. In the presence of what I saw I reeled straight back upon my resistance. Seated at my own table in clear noonday light I saw a person whom, without my previous experience, I should have taken at the first blush for some housemaid who might have stayed at home to look after the place and who, availing herself of rare relief from observation and of the schoolroom table and my pens, ink, and paper, had applied herself to the considerable effort of a letter to her sweetheart. There was an effort in the way that, while her arms rested on the table, her hands with evident weariness supported her head; but at the moment I took this in I had already become aware that, in spite of my entrance, her attitude strangely persisted. Then it was—with the very act of its announcing itself—that her identity flared up in a change of posture. She rose, not as if she had heard me, but with an indescribable grand melancholy of indifference and detachment, and, within a dozen feet of me, stood there as my vile predecessor. Dishonored and tragic, she was all before me; but even as I fixed and, for memory, secured it, the awful image passed away. Dark as midnight in her black dress, her haggard beauty and her unutterable woe, she had looked at me long enough to appear to say that her right to sit at my table was as good as mine to sit at hers. While these instants lasted, indeed, I had the extraordinary chill of feeling that it was I who was the intruder. It was as a wild protest against it that, actually addressing her—“You terrible, miserable woman!”—I heard myself break into a sound that, by the open door, rang through the long passage and the empty house. She looked at me as if she heard me, but I had recovered myself and cleared the air. There was nothing in the room the next minute but the sunshine and a sense that I must stay.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #209. Public domain worldwide.
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Chapter XV is structured around a series of retreats and reversals that dramatise the governess's crisis of authority. She cannot re-enter the pew because Miles has, in her reading, seized the upper hand: he now knows she fears the question of his expulsion. James renders this power-shift with legal precision — the governess acknowledges that Miles is 'immensely in the right,' that he could legitimately demand either a resolution with his guardian or release from an 'unnatural' life. Her inability to act on either option exposes the paralysis of the unacknowledged: she can neither confront the guardian nor confess her own helplessness.

The flight fantasy that occupies the chapter's middle section is one of James's most psychologically acute passages. The governess rehearses escape in almost theatrical detail — the empty house, the absent servants, the question of a conveyance — yet the very vividness of her imagined departure, including the children's mocking reproach, functions as a pre-emptive shaming that forestalls action. The italicised dialogue she projects onto the children collapses the boundary between imagination and reality, a technique James uses throughout to keep the reader uncertain about what the governess actually perceives.

The staircase moment is a pivot of Gothic memory: the governess's collapse onto the lowest step recalls her earlier nocturnal vision of Miss Jessel, and the physical posture of prostration becomes a catalyst for recovery rather than surrender. James inverts the Gothic convention — the haunted place, instead of paralyzing the protagonist, restores her resolve. This reversal prepares the reader for the schoolroom apparition, where the dynamic is more complex still.

The description of Miss Jessel is the chapter's most carefully wrought set-piece. James delays identification through a sustained free indirect discourse that mimics the governess's own dawning recognition: the figure is first hypothesised as a housemaid writing to her sweetheart, a domestic and even tender image that makes the subsequent revelation more shocking. When identity 'flared up in a change of posture,' the verb 'flared' links the apparition to sudden illumination, ironically set against the ghost's association with darkness and 'midnight.' The phrase about her right to sit at the table introduces a startling moral equivalence between governess and predecessor, momentarily positioning the living woman as the intruder — a reversal that unsettles the reader's alignment with the narrator.

The chapter closes with the governess's outburst and the apparition's disappearance, leaving 'nothing in the room the next minute but the sunshine and a sense that I must stay.' The word 'sunshine' is charged: it signals the restoration of the governess's rational daylight self, yet the chapter has demonstrated how porous the boundary between that self and her fears actually is. Her renewed determination to stay is thus simultaneously heroic and ominous, since the reader cannot be certain whether her resistance serves the children or endangers them.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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