Richard III Study Guide

Act I, Scene 1

London. A street

Scene Summary

Richard, Duke of Gloucester, opens the play alone on a London street, contrasting the festive peace following the Yorkist victory with his own bitter exclusion from its pleasures. Scorning his physical deformity as a bar to love and courtly life, he announces his decision to pursue villainy, revealing that he has already engineered a prophecy to turn King Edward against their brother Clarence. Clarence then enters under armed guard, bound for the Tower, and Richard feigns sympathy while privately exulting in the plot he has set in motion.

After Clarence is led away, Richard encounters the newly freed Lord Hastings and learns that King Edward is gravely ill. Richard seizes on both pieces of news, resolving to hasten Clarence's death before Edward's, and closes the scene by sketching further schemes—including a plan to marry Lady Anne—before exiting to put his designs into action.

Translation Style
✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
[Enter GLOUCESTER, solus] GLOUCESTER Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York; And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths; Our bruised arms hung up for monuments; Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings, Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. Grim-visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled front; And now, instead of mounting barbed steeds To fright the souls of fearful adversaries, He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber To the lascivious pleasing of a lute. But I, that am not shaped for sportive tricks, Nor made to court an amorous looking-glass; I, that am rudely stamp'd, and want love's majesty To strut before a wanton ambling nymph; I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion, Cheated of feature by dissembling nature, Deformed, unfinish'd, sent before my time Into this breathing world, scarce half made up, And that so lamely and unfashionable That dogs bark at me as I halt by them; Why, I, in this weak piping time of peace, Have no delight to pass away the time, Unless to spy my shadow in the sun And descant on mine own deformity: And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, To entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain And hate the idle pleasures of these days. Plots have I laid, inductions dangerous, By drunken prophecies, libels and dreams, To set my brother Clarence and the king In deadly hate the one against the other: And if King Edward be as true and just As I am subtle, false and treacherous, This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up, About a prophecy, which says that 'G' Of Edward's heirs the murderer shall be. Dive, thoughts, down to my soul: here Clarence comes. [Enter CLARENCE, guarded, and BRAKENBURY] Brother, good day; what means this armed guard That waits upon your grace? CLARENCE His majesty Tendering my person's safety, hath appointed This conduct to convey me to the Tower. GLOUCESTER Upon what cause? CLARENCE Because my name is George. GLOUCESTER Alack, my lord, that fault is none of yours; He should, for that, commit your godfathers: O, belike his majesty hath some intent That you shall be new-christen'd in the Tower. But what's the matter, Clarence? may I know? CLARENCE Yea, Richard, when I know; for I protest As yet I do not: but, as I can learn, He hearkens after prophecies and dreams; And from the cross-row plucks the letter G. And says a wizard told him that by G His issue disinherited should be; And, for my name of George begins with G, It follows in his thought that I am he. These, as I learn, and such like toys as these Have moved his highness to commit me now. GLOUCESTER Why, this it is, when men are ruled by women: 'Tis not the king that sends you to the Tower: My Lady Grey his wife, Clarence, 'tis she That tempers him to this extremity. Was it not she and that good man of worship, Anthony Woodville, her brother there, That made him send Lord Hastings to the Tower, From whence this present day he is deliver'd? We are not safe, Clarence; we are not safe. CLARENCE By heaven, I think there's no man is secure But the queen's kindred and night-walking heralds That trudge betwixt the king and Mistress Shore. Heard ye not what an humble suppliant Lord hastings was to her for his delivery? GLOUCESTER Humbly complaining to her deity Got my lord chamberlain his liberty. I'll tell you what; I think it is our way, If we will keep in favour with the king, To be her men and wear her livery: The jealous o'erworn widow and herself, Since that our brother dubb'd them gentlewomen. Are mighty gossips in this monarchy. BRAKENBURY I beseech your graces both to pardon me; His majesty hath straitly given in charge That no man shall have private conference, Of what degree soever, with his brother. GLOUCESTER Even so; an't please your worship, Brakenbury, You may partake of any thing we say: We speak no treason, man: we say the king Is wise and virtuous, and his noble queen Well struck in years, fair, and not jealous; We say that Shore's wife hath a pretty foot, A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue; And that the queen's kindred are made gentle-folks: How say you sir? Can you deny all this? BRAKENBURY With this, my lord, myself have nought to do. GLOUCESTER Naught to do with mistress Shore! I tell thee, fellow, He that doth naught with her, excepting one, Were best he do it secretly, alone. BRAKENBURY What one, my lord? GLOUCESTER Her husband, knave: wouldst thou betray me? BRAKENBURY I beseech your grace to pardon me, and withal Forbear your conference with the noble duke. CLARENCE We know thy charge, Brakenbury, and will obey. GLOUCESTER We are the queen's abjects, and must obey. Brother, farewell: I will unto the king; And whatsoever you will employ me in, Were it to call King Edward's widow sister, I will perform it to enfranchise you. Meantime, this deep disgrace in brotherhood Touches me deeper than you can imagine. CLARENCE I know it pleaseth neither of us well. GLOUCESTER Well, your imprisonment shall not be long; Meantime, have patience. CLARENCE I must perforce. Farewell. [Exeunt CLARENCE, BRAKENBURY, and Guard] GLOUCESTER Go, tread the path that thou shalt ne'er return. Simple, plain Clarence! I do love thee so, That I will shortly send thy soul to heaven, If heaven will take the present at our hands. But who comes here? the new-deliver'd Hastings? [Enter HASTINGS] HASTINGS Good time of day unto my gracious lord! GLOUCESTER As much unto my good lord chamberlain! Well are you welcome to the open air. How hath your lordship brook'd imprisonment? HASTINGS With patience, noble lord, as prisoners must: But I shall live, my lord, to give them thanks That were the cause of my imprisonment. GLOUCESTER No doubt, no doubt; and so shall Clarence too; For they that were your enemies are his, And have prevail'd as much on him as you. HASTINGS More pity that the eagle should be mew'd, While kites and buzzards prey at liberty. GLOUCESTER What news abroad? HASTINGS No news so bad abroad as this at home; The King is sickly, weak and melancholy, And his physicians fear him mightily. GLOUCESTER Now, by Saint Paul, this news is bad indeed. O, he hath kept an evil diet long, And overmuch consumed his royal person: 'Tis very grievous to be thought upon. What, is he in his bed? HASTINGS He is. GLOUCESTER Go you before, and I will follow you. [Exit HASTINGS] He cannot live, I hope; and must not die Till George be pack'd with post-horse up to heaven. I'll in, to urge his hatred more to Clarence, With lies well steel'd with weighty arguments; And, if I fall not in my deep intent, Clarence hath not another day to live: Which done, God take King Edward to his mercy, And leave the world for me to bustle in! For then I'll marry Warwick's youngest daughter. What though I kill'd her husband and her father? The readiest way to make the wench amends Is to become her husband and her father: The which will I; not all so much for love As for another secret close intent, By marrying her which I must reach unto. But yet I run before my horse to market: Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns: When they are gone, then must I count my gains. [Exit]
Modern English
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The opening soliloquy is one of the most celebrated in the Shakespearean canon, and its structural function is immediately apparent: it establishes Richard as a Vice figure in the morality-play tradition, a character who takes the audience into his confidence and revels in his own wickedness. The famous seasonal metaphor—winter transformed to summer—is deployed with deliberate irony, since the warmth Richard describes is entirely alien to him. By the time he reaches "I am determined to prove a villain," the word "determined" carries a double charge: wilful choice and, in its Calvinist resonance, predestination, raising the question of whether Richard is a free agent or a creature shaped by nature and circumstance to be monstrous.

Richard's deformity operates as the scene's central symbol. He presents his body as evidence of nature's injustice—"Cheated of feature by dissembling nature"—yet the very fluency and wit of his self-description undercuts any simple claim to victimhood. He is, paradoxically, the most eloquent speaker in a court he claims cannot accommodate him. This gap between Richard's self-presentation and his evident rhetorical mastery is the first instance of the play's pervasive theme of appearance versus reality: Richard performs disability as grievance while demonstrating extraordinary capability.

The exchange with Clarence showcases Richard's dramatic irony at its most savage. Every expression of fraternal concern—"We are not safe, Clarence; we are not safe"—is a lie the audience already knows to be such, having heard the soliloquy. Shakespeare sustains this irony through Richard's aside after Clarence's exit: "Simple, plain Clarence! I do love thee so, / That I will shortly send thy soul to heaven." The mock-tenderness of "I do love thee so" preceding a murder threat encapsulates Richard's characteristic mode of inversion, turning the language of affection into an instrument of destruction.

The scene also introduces the court's political fragmentation. Richard's complaints about Queen Elizabeth's Woodville kindred are not entirely fabricated—Hastings and Clarence share the grievance—and Shakespeare uses this genuine factional resentment to show how Richard exploits real tensions rather than inventing them wholesale. The figure of Mistress Shore, invoked with bawdy wit, signals the court's moral laxity, which Richard simultaneously condemns and manipulates. Brakenbury's helpless interruptions underscore the institutional weakness that makes Richard's scheming possible.

The closing couplet—"Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns: / When they are gone, then must I count my gains"—establishes the scene's dramatic momentum and the play's governing structure: a sequence of eliminations. Richard's casual reference to killing Clarence's husband and father before planning to marry his widow introduces the theme of transgressive ambition that will define his trajectory, while his admission that the marriage is strategic rather than romantic strips away any residual sympathy. The scene thus accomplishes the rare feat of making a self-confessed murderer the audience's primary point of identification, a feat achieved through wit, energy, and the seductive pleasure of total candour.

"Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun of York;" — Gloucester (1.1)

"I am determined to prove a villain / And hate the idle pleasures of these days." — Gloucester (1.1)

"Cheated of feature by dissembling nature," — Gloucester (1.1)

"We are not safe, Clarence; we are not safe." — Gloucester (1.1)

"Simple, plain Clarence! I do love thee so, / That I will shortly send thy soul to heaven," — Gloucester (1.1)

"More pity that the eagle should be mew'd, / While kites and buzzards prey at liberty." — Hastings (1.1)

"Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns: / When they are gone, then must I count my gains." — Gloucester (1.1)

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
Hey! I built this study guide and sprinkled my own teaching notes throughout — look for the gold highlights ✎ as you read.

These are the same insights I share with my students in class. I hope they help you see what makes Shakespeare's writing so brilliant. Enjoy!
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