Richard III Study Guide

Act III, Scene 2

Before Lord Hastings' house

Scene Summary

Before dawn, a messenger from Lord Stanley wakes Hastings with a warning: Stanley has dreamed that Richard (the boar) has razed his helmet, and he fears the two separate councils bode danger. Hastings dismisses the warning, confident that his servant Catesby attends the rival council and that Richard favours him. Catesby arrives and probes whether Hastings will support Richard's bid for the crown; Hastings flatly refuses, though he gloats over the imminent execution of the queen's kindred at Pomfret. Stanley arrives and repeats his misgivings, but Hastings remains cheerfully defiant.

As the group sets off for the Tower, Hastings pauses to speak with a pursuivant, boasting that his fortunes are reversed since his last imprisonment. He then exchanges pleasantries with a priest and with Buckingham, who delivers an ominous aside that Hastings will not leave the Tower alive. Hastings, oblivious, accompanies Buckingham toward his doom.

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Original Text
[Enter a Messenger] MESSENGER What, ho! my lord! HASTINGS [Within] Who knocks at the door? MESSENGER A messenger from the Lord Stanley. [Enter HASTINGS] HASTINGS What is't o'clock? MESSENGER Upon the stroke of four. HASTINGS Cannot thy master sleep these tedious nights? MESSENGER So it should seem by that I have to say. First, he commends him to your noble lordship. HASTINGS And then? MESSENGER And then he sends you word He dreamt to-night the boar had razed his helm: Besides, he says there are two councils held; And that may be determined at the one which may make you and him to rue at the other. Therefore he sends to know your lordship's pleasure, If presently you will take horse with him, And with all speed post with him toward the north, To shun the danger that his soul divines. HASTINGS Go, fellow, go, return unto thy lord; Bid him not fear the separated councils His honour and myself are at the one, And at the other is my servant Catesby Where nothing can proceed that toucheth us Whereof I shall not have intelligence. Tell him his fears are shallow, wanting instance: And for his dreams, I wonder he is so fond To trust the mockery of unquiet slumbers To fly the boar before the boar pursues, Were to incense the boar to follow us And make pursuit where he did mean no chase. Go, bid thy master rise and come to me And we will both together to the Tower, Where, he shall see, the boar will use us kindly. MESSENGER My gracious lord, I'll tell him what you say. [Exit] [Enter CATESBY] CATESBY Many good morrows to my noble lord! HASTINGS Good morrow, Catesby; you are early stirring What news, what news, in this our tottering state? CATESBY It is a reeling world, indeed, my lord; And I believe twill never stand upright Till Richard wear the garland of the realm. HASTINGS How! wear the garland! dost thou mean the crown? CATESBY Ay, my good lord. HASTINGS I'll have this crown of mine cut from my shoulders Ere I will see the crown so foul misplaced. But canst thou guess that he doth aim at it? CATESBY Ay, on my life; and hopes to find forward Upon his party for the gain thereof: And thereupon he sends you this good news, That this same very day your enemies, The kindred of the queen, must die at Pomfret. HASTINGS Indeed, I am no mourner for that news, Because they have been still mine enemies: But, that I'll give my voice on Richard's side, To bar my master's heirs in true descent, God knows I will not do it, to the death. CATESBY God keep your lordship in that gracious mind! HASTINGS But I shall laugh at this a twelve-month hence, That they who brought me in my master's hate I live to look upon their tragedy. I tell thee, Catesby-- CATESBY What, my lord? HASTINGS Ere a fortnight make me elder, I'll send some packing that yet think not on it. CATESBY 'Tis a vile thing to die, my gracious lord, When men are unprepared and look not for it. HASTINGS O monstrous, monstrous! and so falls it out With Rivers, Vaughan, Grey: and so 'twill do With some men else, who think themselves as safe As thou and I; who, as thou know'st, are dear To princely Richard and to Buckingham. CATESBY The princes both make high account of you; [Aside] For they account his head upon the bridge. HASTINGS I know they do; and I have well deserved it. [Enter STANLEY] Come on, come on; where is your boar-spear, man? Fear you the boar, and go so unprovided? STANLEY My lord, good morrow; good morrow, Catesby: You may jest on, but, by the holy rood, I do not like these several councils, I. HASTINGS My lord, I hold my life as dear as you do yours; And never in my life, I do protest, Was it more precious to me than 'tis now: Think you, but that I know our state secure, I would be so triumphant as I am? STANLEY The lords at Pomfret, when they rode from London, Were jocund, and supposed their state was sure, And they indeed had no cause to mistrust; But yet, you see how soon the day o'ercast. This sudden stag of rancour I misdoubt: Pray God, I say, I prove a needless coward! What, shall we toward the Tower? the day is spent. HASTINGS Come, come, have with you. Wot you what, my lord? To-day the lords you talk of are beheaded. LORD STANLEY They, for their truth, might better wear their heads Than some that have accused them wear their hats. But come, my lord, let us away. [Enter a Pursuivant] HASTINGS Go on before; I'll talk with this good fellow. [Exeunt STANLEY and CATESBY] How now, sirrah! how goes the world with thee? PURSUIVANT The better that your lordship please to ask. HASTINGS I tell thee, man, 'tis better with me now Than when I met thee last where now we meet: Then was I going prisoner to the Tower, By the suggestion of the queen's allies; But now, I tell thee--keep it to thyself-- This day those enemies are put to death, And I in better state than e'er I was. PURSUIVANT God hold it, to your honour's good content! HASTINGS Gramercy, fellow: there, drink that for me. [Throws him his purse] PURSUIVANT God save your lordship! [Exit] [Enter a Priest] PRIEST Well met, my lord; I am glad to see your honour. HASTINGS I thank thee, good Sir John, with all my heart. I am in your debt for your last exercise; Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you. [He whispers in his ear] [Enter BUCKINGHAM] BUCKINGHAM What, talking with a priest, lord chamberlain? Your friends at Pomfret, they do need the priest; Your honour hath no shriving work in hand. HASTINGS Good faith, and when I met this holy man, Those men you talk of came into my mind. What, go you toward the Tower? BUCKINGHAM I do, my lord; but long I shall not stay I shall return before your lordship thence. HASTINGS 'Tis like enough, for I stay dinner there. BUCKINGHAM [Aside] And supper too, although thou know'st it not. Come, will you go? HASTINGS I'll wait upon your lordship. [Exeunt]
Modern English
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This scene is constructed around a sustained and devastating dramatic irony: the audience, primed by Richard's plotting, watches Hastings interpret every omen of his destruction as a sign of his security. Shakespeare layers warning upon warning — Stanley's dream, Catesby's probing, the priest, Buckingham's aside — yet Hastings deflects each one with breezy self-assurance, making his blindness both comic and tragic. His confidence is not mere stupidity; it is the pride of a man who believes political intelligence (his spy Catesby) is equivalent to real knowledge, never suspecting that Catesby is Richard's agent.The boar heraldry functions as the scene's central symbol. Richard's cognizance was the white boar, and Stanley's dream of the boar razing his helmet is a barely coded prophecy of Richard's lethal intentions. Hastings' retort — 'To fly the boar before the boar pursues / Were to incense the boar to follow us' — is a masterpiece of ironic self-entrapment: his very argument for staying becomes the mechanism of his death. The boar-spear jest he makes at Stanley's expense deepens the irony, as Hastings is the one who has come entirely unarmed against the beast.Catesby's role illuminates Shakespeare's theme of treachery masked by service. Hastings trusts Catesby precisely...

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"He dreamt to-night the boar had razed his helm" — Messenger (3.2)

"To fly the boar before the boar pursues, Were to incense the boar to follow us And make pursuit where he did mean no chase." — Hastings (3.2)

"'Tis a vile thing to die, my gracious lord, When men are unprepared and look not for it." — Catesby (3.2)

"For they account his head upon the bridge." — Catesby (3.2)

"I'll have this crown of mine cut from my shoulders Ere I will see the crown so foul misplaced." — Hastings (3.2)

"And supper too, although thou know'st it not." — Buckingham (3.2)

"Then was I going prisoner to the Tower, By the suggestion of the queen's allies; But now, I tell thee--keep it to thyself-- This day those enemies are put to death, And I in better state than e'er I was." — Hastings (3.2)

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