Richard III Study Guide

Act II, Scene 4

London. The palace

Scene Summary

At the palace, the Archbishop of York, young York, Queen Elizabeth, and the Duchess of York await the arrival of the young Prince Edward. The scene opens with domestic warmth as the family discusses the prince's journey and the boys' growth, with young York cheekily repeating a nurse's tale that Richard could gnaw a crust at two hours old — an infant prodigy of malice.

The mood shatters when a Messenger arrives with news that Lords Rivers and Grey, along with Sir Thomas Vaughan, have been arrested by Gloucester and Buckingham and sent to Pomfret Castle. Queen Elizabeth immediately recognises this as the beginning of Richard's tyrannical seizure of power. Both she and the Duchess of York lament the endless cycle of dynastic bloodshed, and the scene ends with Queen Elizabeth fleeing to sanctuary with young York, escorted by the Archbishop.

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✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
[Enter the ARCHBISHOP OF YORK, young YORK, QUEEN ELIZABETH, and the DUCHESS OF YORK] ARCHBISHOP OF YORK Last night, I hear, they lay at Northampton; At Stony-Stratford will they be to-night: To-morrow, or next day, they will be here. DUCHESS OF YORK I long with all my heart to see the prince: I hope he is much grown since last I saw him. QUEEN ELIZABETH But I hear, no; they say my son of York Hath almost overta'en him in his growth. YORK Ay, mother; but I would not have it so. DUCHESS OF YORK Why, my young cousin, it is good to grow. YORK Grandam, one night, as we did sit at supper, My uncle Rivers talk'd how I did grow More than my brother: 'Ay,' quoth my uncle Gloucester, 'Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace:' And since, methinks, I would not grow so fast, Because sweet flowers are slow and weeds make haste. DUCHESS OF YORK Good faith, good faith, the saying did not hold In him that did object the same to thee; He was the wretched'st thing when he was young, So long a-growing and so leisurely, That, if this rule were true, he should be gracious. ARCHBISHOP OF YORK Why, madam, so, no doubt, he is. DUCHESS OF YORK I hope he is; but yet let mothers doubt. YORK Now, by my troth, if I had been remember'd, I could have given my uncle's grace a flout, To touch his growth nearer than he touch'd mine. DUCHESS OF YORK How, my pretty York? I pray thee, let me hear it. YORK Marry, they say my uncle grew so fast That he could gnaw a crust at two hours old 'Twas full two years ere I could get a tooth. Grandam, this would have been a biting jest. DUCHESS OF YORK I pray thee, pretty York, who told thee this? YORK Grandam, his nurse. DUCHESS OF YORK His nurse! why, she was dead ere thou wert born. YORK If 'twere not she, I cannot tell who told me. QUEEN ELIZABETH A parlous boy: go to, you are too shrewd. ARCHBISHOP OF YORK Good madam, be not angry with the child. QUEEN ELIZABETH Pitchers have ears. [Enter a Messenger] ARCHBISHOP OF YORK Here comes a messenger. What news? MESSENGER Such news, my lord, as grieves me to unfold. QUEEN ELIZABETH How fares the prince? MESSENGER Well, madam, and in health. DUCHESS OF YORK What is thy news then? MESSENGER Lord Rivers and Lord Grey are sent to Pomfret, With them Sir Thomas Vaughan, prisoners. DUCHESS OF YORK Who hath committed them? MESSENGER The mighty dukes Gloucester and Buckingham. QUEEN ELIZABETH For what offence? MESSENGER The sum of all I can, I have disclosed; Why or for what these nobles were committed Is all unknown to me, my gracious lady. QUEEN ELIZABETH Ay me, I see the downfall of our house! The tiger now hath seized the gentle hind; Insulting tyranny begins to jet Upon the innocent and aweless throne: Welcome, destruction, death, and massacre! I see, as in a map, the end of all. DUCHESS OF YORK Accursed and unquiet wrangling days, How many of you have mine eyes beheld! My husband lost his life to get the crown; And often up and down my sons were toss'd, For me to joy and weep their gain and loss: And being seated, and domestic broils Clean over-blown, themselves, the conquerors. Make war upon themselves; blood against blood, Self against self: O, preposterous And frantic outrage, end thy damned spleen; Or let me die, to look on death no more! QUEEN ELIZABETH Come, come, my boy; we will to sanctuary. Madam, farewell. DUCHESS OF YORK I'll go along with you. QUEEN ELIZABETH You have no cause. ARCHBISHOP OF YORK My gracious lady, go; And thither bear your treasure and your goods. For my part, I'll resign unto your grace The seal I keep: and so betide to me As well I tender you and all of yours! Come, I'll conduct you to the sanctuary. [Exeunt]
Modern English
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This brief scene functions as a dramatic hinge, pivoting from the play's surface comedy to its darkening political reality. Shakespeare constructs a deliberate tonal contrast: the scene opens in a register of domestic intimacy — grandmothers, grandchildren, and playful banter — before violently rupturing into crisis. The structural juxtaposition forces the audience to feel the destruction of private life by political ambition more acutely than any direct confrontation could.Young York's wit about Richard's unnatural infancy is one of the play's most charged moments of dramatic irony. The boy unwittingly rehearses the legend of Richard's monstrous birth — teeth already grown, born feet-first — which Richard himself deployed in his opening soliloquy. That a child innocently repeats this lore, framing it as a "biting jest," underscores how Richard's deformity has become public myth, while simultaneously reminding the audience of the predatory nature lurking beneath the political manoeuvring. The Duchess's retort — that if slow growth meant grace, Richard "should be gracious" — is laced with bitter maternal irony, her hope visibly at war with her knowledge.Queen Elizabeth's speech upon hearing of the arrests deploys sustained animal imagery: "The tiger now hath seized the gentle hind." The tiger-Richard figure, already established in...

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"Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace:" — York (quoting Richard, Duke of Gloucester) (2.4)

"Good faith, good faith, the saying did not hold / In him that did object the same to thee; / He was the wretched'st thing when he was young, / So long a-growing and so leisurely, / That, if this rule were true, he should be gracious." — Duchess of York (2.4)

"Grandam, this would have been a biting jest." — York (2.4)

"Pitchers have ears." — Queen Elizabeth (2.4)

"Ay me, I see the downfall of our house! / The tiger now hath seized the gentle hind; / Insulting tyranny begins to jet / Upon the innocent and aweless throne:" — Queen Elizabeth (2.4)

"I see, as in a map, the end of all." — Queen Elizabeth (2.4)

"blood against blood, / Self against self: O, preposterous / And frantic outrage, end thy damned spleen; / Or let me die, to look on death no more!" — Duchess of York (2.4)

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
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