Richard III Study Guide

Act III, Scene 1

London. A street

Scene Summary

Prince Edward arrives in London, welcomed by Gloucester and Buckingham, though he notes the absence of his Woodville relatives and his mother. News arrives that Queen Elizabeth has taken sanctuary with young York, prompting Buckingham to pressure the Cardinal into extracting the boy by dismissing the legal force of sanctuary. The princes are directed to lodge in the Tower, and Edward muses on Julius Caesar's legacy while Gloucester delivers sinister asides about the boy's precocious wisdom. When York arrives he engages in sharp wordplay with Gloucester, demanding his dagger, and both princes express unease about the Tower.

Once the princes depart, Gloucester and Buckingham confer privately with Catesby, instructing him to sound out Lord Hastings's loyalty to their plan to seat Gloucester on the throne. Gloucester reveals that his enemies will be executed at Pomfret Castle and promises Buckingham the earldom of Hereford as reward. The scene closes with the conspirators planning to meet at Crosby Place to refine their plot.

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Original Text
[The trumpets sound. Enter the young PRINCE EDWARD, GLOUCESTER, BUCKINGHAM, CARDINAL, CATESBY, and others] BUCKINGHAM Welcome, sweet prince, to London, to your chamber. GLOUCESTER Welcome, dear cousin, my thoughts' sovereign The weary way hath made you melancholy. PRINCE EDWARD No, uncle; but our crosses on the way Have made it tedious, wearisome, and heavy I want more uncles here to welcome me. GLOUCESTER Sweet prince, the untainted virtue of your years Hath not yet dived into the world's deceit Nor more can you distinguish of a man Than of his outward show; which, God he knows, Seldom or never jumpeth with the heart. Those uncles which you want were dangerous; Your grace attended to their sugar'd words, But look'd not on the poison of their hearts : God keep you from them, and from such false friends! PRINCE EDWARD God keep me from false friends! but they were none. GLOUCESTER My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you. [Enter the Lord Mayor and his train] LORD MAYOR God bless your grace with health and happy days! PRINCE EDWARD I thank you, good my lord; and thank you all. I thought my mother, and my brother York, Would long ere this have met us on the way Fie, what a slug is Hastings, that he comes not To tell us whether they will come or no! [Enter HASTINGS] BUCKINGHAM And, in good time, here comes the sweating lord. PRINCE EDWARD Welcome, my lord: what, will our mother come? HASTINGS On what occasion, God he knows, not I, The queen your mother, and your brother York, Have taken sanctuary: the tender prince Would fain have come with me to meet your grace, But by his mother was perforce withheld. BUCKINGHAM Fie, what an indirect and peevish course Is this of hers! Lord cardinal, will your grace Persuade the queen to send the Duke of York Unto his princely brother presently? If she deny, Lord Hastings, go with him, And from her jealous arms pluck him perforce. CARDINAL My Lord of Buckingham, if my weak oratory Can from his mother win the Duke of York, Anon expect him here; but if she be obdurate To mild entreaties, God in heaven forbid We should infringe the holy privilege Of blessed sanctuary! not for all this land Would I be guilty of so deep a sin. BUCKINGHAM You are too senseless--obstinate, my lord, Too ceremonious and traditional Weigh it but with the grossness of this age, You break not sanctuary in seizing him. The benefit thereof is always granted To those whose dealings have deserved the place, And those who have the wit to claim the place: This prince hath neither claim'd it nor deserved it; And therefore, in mine opinion, cannot have it: Then, taking him from thence that is not there, You break no privilege nor charter there. Oft have I heard of sanctuary men; But sanctuary children ne'er till now. CARDINAL My lord, you shall o'er-rule my mind for once. Come on, Lord Hastings, will you go with me? HASTINGS I go, my lord. PRINCE EDWARD Good lords, make all the speedy haste you may. [Exeunt CARDINAL and HASTINGS] Say, uncle Gloucester, if our brother come, Where shall we sojourn till our coronation? GLOUCESTER Where it seems best unto your royal self. If I may counsel you, some day or two Your highness shall repose you at the Tower: Then where you please, and shall be thought most fit For your best health and recreation. PRINCE EDWARD I do not like the Tower, of any place. Did Julius Caesar build that place, my lord? BUCKINGHAM He did, my gracious lord, begin that place; Which, since, succeeding ages have re-edified. PRINCE EDWARD Is it upon record, or else reported Successively from age to age, he built it? BUCKINGHAM Upon record, my gracious lord. PRINCE EDWARD But say, my lord, it were not register'd, Methinks the truth should live from age to age, As 'twere retail'd to all posterity, Even to the general all-ending day. GLOUCESTER [Aside] So wise so young, they say, do never live long. PRINCE EDWARD What say you, uncle? GLOUCESTER I say, without characters, fame lives long. [Aside] Thus, like the formal vice, Iniquity, I moralize two meanings in one word. PRINCE EDWARD That Julius Caesar was a famous man; With what his valour did enrich his wit, His wit set down to make his valour live Death makes no conquest of this conqueror; For now he lives in fame, though not in life. I'll tell you what, my cousin Buckingham,-- BUCKINGHAM What, my gracious lord? PRINCE EDWARD An if I live until I be a man, I'll win our ancient right in France again, Or die a soldier, as I lived a king. GLOUCESTER [Aside] Short summers lightly have a forward spring. [Enter young YORK, HASTINGS, and the CARDINAL] BUCKINGHAM Now, in good time, here comes the Duke of York. PRINCE EDWARD Richard of York! how fares our loving brother? YORK Well, my dread lord; so must I call you now. PRINCE EDWARD Ay, brother, to our grief, as it is yours: Too late he died that might have kept that title, Which by his death hath lost much majesty. GLOUCESTER How fares our cousin, noble Lord of York? YORK I thank you, gentle uncle. O, my lord, You said that idle weeds are fast in growth The prince my brother hath outgrown me far. GLOUCESTER He hath, my lord. YORK And therefore is he idle? GLOUCESTER O, my fair cousin, I must not say so. YORK Then is he more beholding to you than I. GLOUCESTER He may command me as my sovereign; But you have power in me as in a kinsman. YORK I pray you, uncle, give me this dagger. GLOUCESTER My dagger, little cousin? with all my heart. PRINCE EDWARD A beggar, brother? YORK Of my kind uncle, that I know will give; And being but a toy, which is no grief to give. GLOUCESTER A greater gift than that I'll give my cousin. YORK A greater gift! O, that's the sword to it. GLOUCESTER A gentle cousin, were it light enough. YORK O, then, I see, you will part but with light gifts; In weightier things you'll say a beggar nay. GLOUCESTER It is too heavy for your grace to wear. YORK I weigh it lightly, were it heavier. GLOUCESTER What, would you have my weapon, little lord? YORK I would, that I might thank you as you call me. GLOUCESTER How? YORK Little. PRINCE EDWARD My Lord of York will still be cross in talk: Uncle, your grace knows how to bear with him. YORK You mean, to bear me, not to bear with me: Uncle, my brother mocks both you and me; Because that I am little, like an ape, He thinks that you should bear me on your shoulders. BUCKINGHAM With what a sharp-provided wit he reasons! To mitigate the scorn he gives his uncle, He prettily and aptly taunts himself: So cunning and so young is wonderful. GLOUCESTER My lord, will't please you pass along? Myself and my good cousin Buckingham Will to your mother, to entreat of her To meet you at the Tower and welcome you. YORK What, will you go unto the Tower, my lord? PRINCE EDWARD My lord protector needs will have it so. YORK I shall not sleep in quiet at the Tower. GLOUCESTER Why, what should you fear? YORK Marry, my uncle Clarence' angry ghost: My grandam told me he was murdered there. PRINCE EDWARD I fear no uncles dead. GLOUCESTER Nor none that live, I hope. PRINCE EDWARD An if they live, I hope I need not fear. But come, my lord; and with a heavy heart, Thinking on them, go I unto the Tower. [A Sennet. Exeunt all but GLOUCESTER, BUCKINGHAM and CATESBY] BUCKINGHAM Think you, my lord, this little prating York Was not incensed by his subtle mother To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously? GLOUCESTER No doubt, no doubt; O, 'tis a parlous boy; Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable He is all the mother's, from the top to toe. BUCKINGHAM Well, let them rest. Come hither, Catesby. Thou art sworn as deeply to effect what we intend As closely to conceal what we impart: Thou know'st our reasons urged upon the way; What think'st thou? is it not an easy matter To make William Lord Hastings of our mind, For the instalment of this noble duke In the seat royal of this famous isle? CATESBY He for his father's sake so loves the prince, That he will not be won to aught against him. BUCKINGHAM What think'st thou, then, of Stanley? what will he? CATESBY He will do all in all as Hastings doth. BUCKINGHAM Well, then, no more but this: go, gentle Catesby, And, as it were far off sound thou Lord Hastings, How doth he stand affected to our purpose; And summon him to-morrow to the Tower, To sit about the coronation. If thou dost find him tractable to us, Encourage him, and show him all our reasons: If he be leaden, icy-cold, unwilling, Be thou so too; and so break off your talk, And give us notice of his inclination: For we to-morrow hold divided councils, Wherein thyself shalt highly be employ'd. GLOUCESTER Commend me to Lord William: tell him, Catesby, His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries To-morrow are let blood at Pomfret-castle; And bid my friend, for joy of this good news, Give mistress Shore one gentle kiss the more. BUCKINGHAM Good Catesby, go, effect this business soundly. CATESBY My good lords both, with all the heed I may. GLOUCESTER Shall we hear from you, Catesby, ere we sleep? CATESBY You shall, my lord. GLOUCESTER At Crosby Place, there shall you find us both. [Exit CATESBY] BUCKINGHAM Now, my lord, what shall we do, if we perceive Lord Hastings will not yield to our complots? GLOUCESTER Chop off his head, man; somewhat we will do: And, look, when I am king, claim thou of me The earldom of Hereford, and the moveables Whereof the king my brother stood possess'd. BUCKINGHAM I'll claim that promise at your grace's hands. GLOUCESTER And look to have it yielded with all willingness. Come, let us sup betimes, that afterwards We may digest our complots in some form. [Exeunt]
Modern English
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This scene functions as the dramatic hinge on which Richard's usurpation turns from private ambition to organised conspiracy. Shakespeare structures it in two contrasting halves: a public, ceremonial welcome that is visually reassuring yet verbally treacherous, and a private, conspiratorial coda that strips away all pretence. The juxtaposition enacts the play's central preoccupation with appearance versus reality, a theme Richard himself names when he warns the Prince that a man's outward show "seldom or never jumpeth with the heart" — a remark whose dramatic irony is devastating, since Richard is at that very moment performing exactly the deception he describes.The Tower as a symbol of royal power and mortal danger dominates the scene's second movement. Edward's reluctance — "I do not like the Tower, of any place" — and York's fear of Clarence's ghost register as unconscious prophecy. Shakespeare uses the princes' innocence to generate tragic irony: their very openness and wit, praised by Buckingham as "wonderful," marks them as defenceless against the calculating adults around them. Richard's aside "So wise so young, they say, do never live long" is the scene's most chilling moment, collapsing the gap between thought and murderous intent into a single couplet.The debate over sanctuary...

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"Seldom or never jumpeth with the heart." — Gloucester (3.1)

"So wise so young, they say, do never live long." — Gloucester (3.1)

"Thus, like the formal vice, Iniquity, I moralize two meanings in one word." — Gloucester (3.1)

"God in heaven forbid We should infringe the holy privilege Of blessed sanctuary!" — Cardinal (3.1)

"I shall not sleep in quiet at the Tower." — York (3.1)

"Chop off his head, man; somewhat we will do." — Gloucester (3.1)

"Death makes no conquest of this conqueror; For now he lives in fame, though not in life." — Prince Edward (3.1)

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Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
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