Richard III Study Guide

Act IV, Scene 1

Before the Tower

Scene Summary

Before the Tower of London, Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of York, and Dorset encounter Lady Anne and young Margaret Plantagenet, all intending to visit the imprisoned princes. The lieutenant Brakenbury bars their entry on Richard's orders, and Lord Stanley arrives to escort Anne to Westminster for her coronation as Richard's queen. The news devastates Elizabeth, who urges Dorset to flee to Richmond on the Continent for his safety.

Lady Anne laments her fate, recalling how she cursed her future husband at Henry VI's funeral and then fell victim to Richard's honeyed words, fulfilling her own curse. The Duchess of York mourns her monstrous son in a cockatrice image. The women exchange sorrowful farewells, dispersing in different directions, while Elizabeth apostrophises the Tower's stones, begging them to protect her imprisoned children.

Translation Style
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✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
[Enter, on one side, QUEEN ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF YORK, and DORSET; on the other, ANNE, Duchess of Gloucester, leading Lady Margaret Plantagenet, CLARENCE's young Daughter] DUCHESS OF YORK Who m eets us here? my niece Plantagenet Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Gloucester? Now, for my life, she's wandering to the Tower, On pure heart's love to greet the tender princes. Daughter, well met. LADY ANNE God give your graces both A happy and a joyful time of day! QUEEN ELIZABETH As much to you, good sister! Whither away? LADY ANNE No farther than the Tower; and, as I guess, Upon the like devotion as yourselves, To gratulate the gentle princes there. QUEEN ELIZABETH Kind sister, thanks: we'll enter all together. [Enter BRAKENBURY] And, in good time, here the lieutenant comes. Master lieutenant, pray you, by your leave, How doth the prince, and my young son of York? BRAKENBURY Right well, dear madam. By your patience, I may not suffer you to visit them; The king hath straitly charged the contrary. QUEEN ELIZABETH The king! why, who's that? BRAKENBURY I cry you mercy: I mean the lord protector. QUEEN ELIZABETH The Lord protect him from that kingly title! Hath he set bounds betwixt their love and me? I am their mother; who should keep me from them? DUCHESS OF YORK I am their fathers mother; I will see them. LADY ANNE Their aunt I am in law, in love their mother: Then bring me to their sights; I'll bear thy blame And take thy office from thee, on my peril. BRAKENBURY No, madam, no; I may not leave it so: I am bound by oath, and therefore pardon me. [Exit] [Enter LORD STANLEY] LORD STANLEY Let me but meet you, ladies, one hour hence, And I'll salute your grace of York as mother, And reverend looker on, of two fair queens. [To LADY ANNE] Come, madam, you must straight to Westminster, There to be crowned Richard's royal queen. QUEEN ELIZABETH O, cut my lace in sunder, that my pent heart May have some scope to beat, or else I swoon With this dead-killing news! LADY ANNE Despiteful tidings! O unpleasing news! DORSET Be of good cheer: mother, how fares your grace? QUEEN ELIZABETH O Dorset, speak not to me, get thee hence! Death and destruction dog thee at the heels; Thy mother's name is ominous to children. If thou wilt outstrip death, go cross the seas, And live with Richmond, from the reach of hell Go, hie thee, hie thee from this slaughter-house, Lest thou increase the number of the dead; And make me die the thrall of Margaret's curse, Nor mother, wife, nor England's counted queen. LORD STANLEY Full of wise care is this your counsel, madam. Take all the swift advantage of the hours; You shall have letters from me to my son To meet you on the way, and welcome you. Be not ta'en tardy by unwise delay. DUCHESS OF YORK O ill-dispersing wind of misery! O my accursed womb, the bed of death! A cockatrice hast thou hatch'd to the world, Whose unavoided eye is murderous. LORD STANLEY Come, madam, come; I in all haste was sent. LADY ANNE And I in all unwillingness will go. I would to God that the inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow Were red-hot steel, to sear me to the brain! Anointed let me be with deadly venom, And die, ere men can say, God save the queen! QUEEN ELIZABETH Go, go, poor soul, I envy not thy glory To feed my humour, wish thyself no harm. LADY ANNE No! why? When he that is my husband now Came to me, as I follow'd Henry's corse, When scarce the blood was well wash'd from his hands Which issued from my other angel husband And that dead saint which then I weeping follow'd; O, when, I say, I look'd on Richard's face, This was my wish: 'Be thou,' quoth I, ' accursed, For making me, so young, so old a widow! And, when thou wed'st, let sorrow haunt thy bed; And be thy wife--if any be so mad-- As miserable by the life of thee As thou hast made me by my dear lord's death! Lo, ere I can repeat this curse again, Even in so short a space, my woman's heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words And proved the subject of my own soul's curse, Which ever since hath kept my eyes from rest; For never yet one hour in his bed Have I enjoy'd the golden dew of sleep, But have been waked by his timorous dreams. Besides, he hates me for my father Warwick; And will, no doubt, shortly be rid of me. QUEEN ELIZABETH Poor heart, adieu! I pity thy complaining. LADY ANNE No more than from my soul I mourn for yours. QUEEN ELIZABETH Farewell, thou woful welcomer of glory! LADY ANNE Adieu, poor soul, that takest thy leave of it! DUCHESS OF YORK [To DORSET] Go thou to Richmond, and good fortune guide thee! [To LADY ANNE] Go thou to Richard, and good angels guard thee! [To QUEEN ELIZABETH] Go thou to sanctuary, and good thoughts possess thee! I to my grave, where peace and rest lie with me! Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen, And each hour's joy wrecked with a week of teen. QUEEN ELIZABETH Stay, yet look back with me unto the Tower. Pity, you ancient stones, those tender babes Whom envy hath immured within your walls! Rough cradle for such little pretty ones! Rude ragged nurse, old sullen playfellow For tender princes, use my babies well! So foolish sorrow bids your stones farewell. [Exeunt]
Modern English
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This scene functions as a structural hinge between Richard's consolidation of power and its catastrophic human cost. Shakespeare assembles the women of the York dynasty — queen, duchess, wife, and niece — in a tableau of collective grief that deliberately echoes the formal lamentation scenes of the Henry VI plays. The exclusion from the Tower is not merely a plot obstacle; it literalises Richard's severing of natural bonds, as mothers and aunts are legally barred from children they have every moral claim to see. Brakenbury's slip — calling Richard 'the king' before correcting himself to 'the lord protector' — captures the usurpation mid-process, and Elizabeth's sharp retort, 'The Lord protect him from that kingly title!', registers the moment's political horror with bitter wordplay.Lady Anne's extended confession is the scene's emotional and thematic centrepiece. Her speech enacts the self-fulfilling curse as a dramatic mechanism: the curse she pronounced over Henry VI's coffin in Act I has rebounded upon herself, making her 'the subject of my own soul's curse.' Shakespeare uses this to explore the limits of female agency — Anne's rhetorical power in Act I proved real, but it destroyed its speaker. The detail that Richard's 'timorous dreams' wake her nightly...

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"The Lord protect him from that kingly title!" — Queen Elizabeth (4.1)

"O, cut my lace in sunder, that my pent heart May have some scope to beat, or else I swoon With this dead-killing news!" — Queen Elizabeth (4.1)

"A cockatrice hast thou hatch'd to the world, Whose unavoided eye is murderous." — Duchess of York (4.1)

"I would to God that the inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow Were red-hot steel, to sear me to the brain!" — Lady Anne (4.1)

"Lo, ere I can repeat this curse again, Even in so short a space, my woman's heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words And proved the subject of my own soul's curse," — Lady Anne (4.1)

"Pity, you ancient stones, those tender babes Whom envy hath immured within your walls!" — Queen Elizabeth (4.1)

"Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen, And each hour's joy wrecked with a week of teen." — Duchess of York (4.1)

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Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
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