Richard III Study Guide

Act II, Scene 1

London. The palace

Scene Summary

A dying King Edward IV gathers his quarrelling nobles—Rivers, Hastings, Queen Elizabeth, Dorset, Buckingham, and others—and compels them to swear oaths of mutual love and reconciliation. Each peer embraces the others, and Edward expresses hope that the peace will be sealed when Gloucester arrives. Richard enters, delivers an elaborate profession of his own innocence and goodwill toward all present, and then shocks the court by revealing that Clarence is already dead.

The king, horrified, laments that no one pleaded for Clarence's life and fears divine retribution on himself and his court. Derby enters to beg a pardon for a servant, prompting Edward's anguished speech about his own guilt. As the stricken king is helped away, Richard privately tells Buckingham that the queen's kindred are to blame for Clarence's death, and the two men exit together.

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Original Text
[Flourish. Enter KING EDWARD IV sick, QUEEN ELIZABETH, DORSET, RIVERS, HASTINGS, BUCKINGHAM, GREY, and others] KING EDWARD IV Why, so: now have I done a good day's work: You peers, continue this united league: I every day expect an embassage From my Redeemer to redeem me hence; And now in peace my soul shall part to heaven, Since I have set my friends at peace on earth. Rivers and Hastings, take each other's hand; Dissemble not your hatred, swear your love. RIVERS By heaven, my heart is purged from grudging hate: And with my hand I seal my true heart's love. HASTINGS So thrive I, as I truly swear the like! KING EDWARD IV Take heed you dally not before your king; Lest he that is the supreme King of kings Confound your hidden falsehood, and award Either of you to be the other's end. HASTINGS So prosper I, as I swear perfect love! RIVERS And I, as I love Hastings with my heart! KING EDWARD IV Madam, yourself are not exempt in this, Nor your son Dorset, Buckingham, nor you; You have been factious one against the other, Wife, love Lord Hastings, let him kiss your hand; And what you do, do it unfeignedly. QUEEN ELIZABETH Here, Hastings; I will never more remember Our former hatred, so thrive I and mine! KING EDWARD IV Dorset, embrace him; Hastings, love lord marquess. DORSET This interchange of love, I here protest, Upon my part shall be unviolable. HASTINGS And so swear I, my lord [They embrace] KING EDWARD IV Now, princely Buckingham, seal thou this league With thy embracements to my wife's allies, And make me happy in your unity. BUCKINGHAM Whenever Buckingham doth turn his hate On you or yours, [To the Queen] but with all duteous love Doth cherish you and yours, God punish me With hate in those where I expect most love! When I have most need to employ a friend, And most assured that he is a friend Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile, Be he unto me! this do I beg of God, When I am cold in zeal to yours. KING EDWARD IV A pleasing cordial, princely Buckingham, is this thy vow unto my sickly heart. There wanteth now our brother Gloucester here, To make the perfect period of this peace. BUCKINGHAM And, in good time, here comes the noble duke. [Enter GLOUCESTER] GLOUCESTER Good morrow to my sovereign king and queen: And, princely peers, a happy time of day! KING EDWARD IV Happy, indeed, as we have spent the day. Brother, we done deeds of charity; Made peace enmity, fair love of hate, Between these swelling wrong-incensed peers. GLOUCESTER A blessed labour, my most sovereign liege: Amongst this princely heap, if any here, By false intelligence, or wrong surmise, Hold me a foe; If I unwittingly, or in my rage, Have aught committed that is hardly borne By any in this presence, I desire To reconcile me to his friendly peace: 'Tis death to me to be at enmity; I hate it, and desire all good men's love. First, madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service; Of you, my noble cousin Buckingham, If ever any grudge were lodged between us; Of you, Lord Rivers, and, Lord Grey, of you; That without desert have frown'd on me; Dukes, earls, lords, gentlemen; indeed, of all. I do not know that Englishman alive With whom my soul is any jot at odds More than the infant that is born to-night I thank my God for my humility. QUEEN ELIZABETH A holy day shall this be kept hereafter: I would to God all strifes were well compounded. My sovereign liege, I do beseech your majesty To take our brother Clarence to your grace. GLOUCESTER Why, madam, have I offer'd love for this To be so bouted in this royal presence? Who knows not that the noble duke is dead? [They all start] You do him injury to scorn his corse. RIVERS Who knows not he is dead! who knows he is? QUEEN ELIZABETH All seeing heaven, what a world is this! BUCKINGHAM Look I so pale, Lord Dorset, as the rest? DORSET Ay, my good lord; and no one in this presence But his red colour hath forsook his cheeks. KING EDWARD IV Is Clarence dead? the order was reversed. GLOUCESTER But he, poor soul, by your first order died, And that a winged Mercury did bear: Some tardy cripple bore the countermand, That came too lag to see him buried. God grant that some, less noble and less loyal, Nearer in bloody thoughts, but not in blood, Deserve not worse than wretched Clarence did, And yet go current from suspicion! [Enter DERBY] DERBY A boon, my sovereign, for my service done! KING EDWARD IV I pray thee, peace: my soul is full of sorrow. DERBY I will not rise, unless your highness grant. KING EDWARD IV Then speak at once what is it thou demand'st. DERBY The forfeit, sovereign, of my servant's life; Who slew to-day a righteous gentleman Lately attendant on the Duke of Norfolk. KING EDWARD IV Have a tongue to doom my brother's death, And shall the same give pardon to a slave? My brother slew no man; his fault was thought, And yet his punishment was cruel death. Who sued to me for him? who, in my rage, Kneel'd at my feet, and bade me be advised Who spake of brotherhood? who spake of love? Who told me how the poor soul did forsake The mighty Warwick, and did fight for me? Who told me, in the field by Tewksbury When Oxford had me down, he rescued me, And said, 'Dear brother, live, and be a king'? Who told me, when we both lay in the field Frozen almost to death, how he did lap me Even in his own garments, and gave himself, All thin and naked, to the numb cold night? All this from my remembrance brutish wrath Sinfully pluck'd, and not a man of you Had so much grace to put it in my mind. But when your carters or your waiting-vassals Have done a drunken slaughter, and defaced The precious image of our dear Redeemer, You straight are on your knees for pardon, pardon; And I unjustly too, must grant it you But for my brother not a man would speak, Nor I, ungracious, speak unto myself For him, poor soul. The proudest of you all Have been beholding to him in his life; Yet none of you would once plead for his life. O God, I fear thy justice will take hold On me, and you, and mine, and yours for this! Come, Hastings, help me to my closet. Oh, poor Clarence! [Exeunt some with KING EDWARD IV and QUEEN MARGARET] GLOUCESTER This is the fruit of rashness! Mark'd you not How that the guilty kindred of the queen Look'd pale when they did hear of Clarence' death? O, they did urge it still unto the king! God will revenge it. But come, let us in, To comfort Edward with our company. BUCKINGHAM We wait upon your grace. [Exeunt]
Modern English
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This scene functions as a masterclass in dramatic irony: every oath of reconciliation sworn before the dying king is undercut by the audience's knowledge that Richard engineered Clarence's murder and will systematically destroy the very people now embracing one another. The elaborate ceremony of handshakes and embraces becomes a ritual of false peace, a pageant of unity that Richard has already hollowed out from within. Shakespeare frames the scene so that the audience watches the court congratulate itself on a harmony that is already a corpse.Richard's entrance speech is a tour de force of performative hypocrisy. His claim—'I do not know that Englishman alive / With whom my soul is any jot at odds / More than the infant that is born to-night'—is delivered with apparent sincerity, yet every word is a calculated inversion of his true designs. The simile of the newborn infant, conventionally a symbol of innocence, is grotesquely ironic coming from a man who has just had his brother drowned. His closing line, 'I thank my God for my humility,' is perhaps the scene's sharpest piece of sarcasm, inviting the audience to relish the gap between Richard's self-presentation and reality.Buckingham's vow deserves close attention. He prays that...

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"I do not know that Englishman alive With whom my soul is any jot at odds More than the infant that is born to-night I thank my God for my humility." — Gloucester (2.1)

"But he, poor soul, by your first order died, And that a winged Mercury did bear: Some tardy cripple bore the countermand, That came too lag to see him buried." — Gloucester (2.1)

"Who told me, in the field by Tewksbury When Oxford had me down, he rescued me, And said, 'Dear brother, live, and be a king'?" — King Edward IV (2.1)

"O God, I fear thy justice will take hold On me, and you, and mine, and yours for this!" — King Edward IV (2.1)

"This is the fruit of rashness! Mark'd you not How that the guilty kindred of the queen Look'd pale when they did hear of Clarence' death?" — Gloucester (2.1)

"My brother slew no man; his fault was thought, And yet his punishment was cruel death." — King Edward IV (2.1)

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Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
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