Anna Karenina Study Guide
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Part Four, Chapter 1

Chapter Summary

The Karenin household exists in a state of suspended misery: Alexey Alexandrovitch and Anna share a roof but are strangers, each enduring the situation only through vague hope that something will resolve it. Vronsky, equally passive, waits for circumstances to change without taking decisive action himself.

Meanwhile, Vronsky is assigned to escort a visiting foreign prince around Petersburg for a week, arranging quintessentially Russian entertainments—bear hunts, gypsies, sledge rides, and drinking feasts. The experience proves deeply unpleasant: the prince's vapid self-satisfaction forces Vronsky to recognise an uncomfortable reflection of his own character, and he is relieved when the prince departs for Moscow.

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Original Text
The Karenins, husband and wife, continued living in the same house, met every day, but were complete strangers to one another. Alexey Alexandrovitch made it a rule to see his wife every day, so that the servants might have no grounds for suppositions, but avoided dining at home. Vronsky was never at Alexey Alexandrovitch’s house, but Anna saw him away from home, and her husband was aware of it. The position was one of misery for all three; and not one of them would have been equal to enduring this position for a single day, if it had not been for the expectation that it would change, that it was merely a temporary painful ordeal which would pass over. Alexey Alexandrovitch hoped that this passion would pass, as everything does pass, that everyone would forget about it, and his name would remain unsullied. Anna, on whom the position depended, and for whom it was more miserable than for anyone, endured it because she not merely hoped, but firmly believed, that it would all very soon be settled and come right. She had not the least idea what would settle the position, but she firmly believed that something would very soon turn up now. Vronsky, against his own will or wishes, followed her lead, hoped too that something, apart from his own action, would be sure to solve all difficulties. In the middle of the winter Vronsky spent a very tiresome week. A foreign prince, who had come on a visit to Petersburg, was put under his charge, and he had to show him the sights worth seeing. Vronsky was of distinguished appearance; he possessed, moreover, the art of behaving with respectful dignity, and was used to having to do with such grand personages—that was how he came to be put in charge of the prince. But he felt his duties very irksome. The prince was anxious to miss nothing of which he would be asked at home, had he seen that in Russia? And on his own account he was anxious to enjoy to the utmost all Russian forms of amusement. Vronsky was obliged to be his guide in satisfying both these inclinations. The mornings they spent driving to look at places of interest; the evenings they passed enjoying the national entertainments. The prince rejoiced in health exceptional even among princes. By gymnastics and careful attention to his health he had brought himself to such a point that in spite of his excess in pleasure he looked as fresh as a big glossy green Dutch cucumber. The prince had traveled a great deal, and considered one of the chief advantages of modern facilities of communication was the accessibility of the pleasures of all nations. He had been in Spain, and there had indulged in serenades and had made friends with a Spanish girl who played the mandolin. In Switzerland he had killed chamois. In England he had galloped in a red coat over hedges and killed two hundred pheasants for a bet. In Turkey he had got into a harem; in India he had hunted on an elephant, and now in Russia he wished to taste all the specially Russian forms of pleasure. Vronsky, who was, as it were, chief master of the ceremonies to him, was at great pains to arrange all the Russian amusements suggested by various persons to the prince. They had race horses, and Russian pancakes and bear hunts and three-horse sledges, and gypsies and drinking feasts, with the Russian accompaniment of broken crockery. And the prince with surprising ease fell in with the Russian spirit, smashed trays full of crockery, sat with a gypsy girl on his knee, and seemed to be asking—what more, and does the whole Russian spirit consist in just this? In reality, of all the Russian entertainments the prince liked best French actresses and ballet dancers and white-seal champagne. Vronsky was used to princes, but, either because he had himself changed of late, or that he was in too close proximity to the prince, that week seemed fearfully wearisome to him. The whole of that week he experienced a sensation such as a man might have set in charge of a dangerous madman, afraid of the madman, and at the same time, from being with him, fearing for his own reason. Vronsky was continually conscious of the necessity of never for a second relaxing the tone of stern official respectfulness, that he might not himself be insulted. The prince’s manner of treating the very people who, to Vronsky’s surprise, were ready to descend to any depths to provide him with Russian amusements, was contemptuous. His criticisms of Russian women, whom he wished to study, more than once made Vronsky crimson with indignation. The chief reason why the prince was so particularly disagreeable to Vronsky was that he could not help seeing himself in him. And what he saw in this mirror did not gratify his self-esteem. He was a very stupid and very self-satisfied and very healthy and very well-washed man, and nothing else. He was a gentleman—that was true, and Vronsky could not deny it. He was equable and not cringing with his superiors, was free and ingratiating in his behavior with his equals, and was contemptuously indulgent with his inferiors. Vronsky was himself the same, and regarded it as a great merit to be so. But for this prince he was an inferior, and his contemptuous and indulgent attitude to him revolted him. “Brainless beef! can I be like that?” he thought. Be that as it might, when, on the seventh day, he parted from the prince, who was starting for Moscow, and received his thanks, he was happy to be rid of his uncomfortable position and the unpleasant reflection of himself. He said good-bye to him at the station on their return from a bear hunt, at which they had had a display of Russian prowess kept up all night.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This opening chapter of Part Four performs a dual structural function: it crystallises the stasis of the Karenin triangle and introduces, through the prince episode, a satirical mirror that refracts Vronsky's self-image. Tolstoy's choice to open with a tableau of paralysis—three people enduring misery only because each expects someone or something else to resolve it—establishes moral passivity as the governing theme of the section. None of the three protagonists acts; they merely wait, and the narrator's irony is quiet but devastating.

The prince episode is one of Tolstoy's most concentrated exercises in social satire. The catalogue of the prince's travels—serenades in Spain, chamois in Switzerland, two hundred pheasants in England, a harem in Turkey—reduces human experience to a checklist of consumable exotica. The simile comparing him to "a big glossy green Dutch cucumber" is comic but precise: the prince is cultivated, preserved, and entirely without interior life. His appetite for "specially Russian forms of pleasure" exposes the commodification of national identity, since what he actually prefers is French actresses and champagne.

The chapter's psychological centre is Vronsky's recognition that the prince functions as a mirror. The phrase "he could not help seeing himself in him" is the chapter's most important sentence. Vronsky's social code—equable with equals, free with superiors, contemptuously indulgent with inferiors—is identical to the prince's, yet when Vronsky occupies the inferior position he finds the attitude revolting. This irony illuminates Vronsky's class-bound self-deception: he has never examined values he regards as merits because he has never been on the receiving end of them.

The exclamation "Brainless beef! can I be like that?" is the chapter's sole moment of interiority rendered as direct speech, and its brevity is telling. Vronsky does not pursue the question; the chapter ends with relief at the prince's departure rather than genuine self-reckoning. Tolstoy thus links Vronsky's emotional passivity in the love plot to a broader incapacity for self-examination, suggesting that the same avoidance governs both his social and romantic life.

Structurally, the juxtaposition of the domestic triangle and the prince episode is not accidental. Both plots turn on the same mechanism: waiting for external resolution rather than exercising moral agency. The parallelism implies that Vronsky's inability to act decisively toward Anna is of a piece with his inability to confront what the prince's mirror shows him. Tolstoy quietly indicts an entire class whose social graces are a substitute for, rather than an expression of, genuine character.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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