Anna Karenina Study Guide
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Part Two, Chapter 32

Chapter Summary

The narrator recounts the backstory of Varenka and Madame Stahl: Varenka is not Madame Stahl's biological daughter but a cook's child substituted at birth, yet Madame Stahl raised her devotedly. Kitty grows increasingly enchanted with Varenka, and when Varenka is invited to sing one evening, her unaffected composure before an admiring crowd deepens Kitty's fascination.

Afterward, in the garden, Kitty draws out Varenka's history: she once loved a man whose mother prevented their union and who married another. The conversation shifts to Kitty's own unspoken humiliation over Vronsky's rejection. Varenka offers gentle reassurance, but when Kitty presses her to name what truly matters in life, Varenka cannot articulate it and departs alone into the summer night, carrying her serene secret with her.

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Original Text
The particulars which the princess had learned in regard to Varenka’s past and her relations with Madame Stahl were as follows: Madame Stahl, of whom some people said that she had worried her husband out of his life, while others said it was he who had made her wretched by his immoral behavior, had always been a woman of weak health and enthusiastic temperament. When, after her separation from her husband, she gave birth to her only child, the child had died almost immediately, and the family of Madame Stahl, knowing her sensibility, and fearing the news would kill her, had substituted another child, a baby born the same night and in the same house in Petersburg, the daughter of the chief cook of the Imperial Household. This was Varenka. Madame Stahl learned later on that Varenka was not her own child, but she went on bringing her up, especially as very soon afterwards Varenka had not a relation of her own living. Madame Stahl had now been living more than ten years continuously abroad, in the south, never leaving her couch. And some people said that Madame Stahl had made her social position as a philanthropic, highly religious woman; other people said she really was at heart the highly ethical being, living for nothing but the good of her fellow creatures, which she represented herself to be. No one knew what her faith was—Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox. But one fact was indubitable—she was in amicable relations with the highest dignitaries of all the churches and sects. Varenka lived with her all the while abroad, and everyone who knew Madame Stahl knew and liked Mademoiselle Varenka, as everyone called her. Having learned all these facts, the princess found nothing to object to in her daughter’s intimacy with Varenka, more especially as Varenka’s breeding and education were of the best—she spoke French and English extremely well—and what was of the most weight, brought a message from Madame Stahl expressing her regret that she was prevented by her ill health from making the acquaintance of the princess. After getting to know Varenka, Kitty became more and more fascinated by her friend, and every day she discovered new virtues in her. The princess, hearing that Varenka had a good voice, asked her to come and sing to them in the evening. “Kitty plays, and we have a piano; not a good one, it’s true, but you will give us so much pleasure,” said the princess with her affected smile, which Kitty disliked particularly just then, because she noticed that Varenka had no inclination to sing. Varenka came, however, in the evening and brought a roll of music with her. The princess had invited Marya Yevgenyevna and her daughter and the colonel. Varenka seemed quite unaffected by there being persons present she did not know, and she went directly to the piano. She could not accompany herself, but she could sing music at sight very well. Kitty, who played well, accompanied her. “You have an extraordinary talent,” the princess said to her after Varenka had sung the first song extremely well. Marya Yevgenyevna and her daughter expressed their thanks and admiration. “Look,” said the colonel, looking out of the window, “what an audience has collected to listen to you.” There actually was quite a considerable crowd under the windows. “I am very glad it gives you pleasure,” Varenka answered simply. Kitty looked with pride at her friend. She was enchanted by her talent, and her voice, and her face, but most of all by her manner, by the way Varenka obviously thought nothing of her singing and was quite unmoved by their praises. She seemed only to be asking: “Am I to sing again, or is that enough?” “If it had been I,” thought Kitty, “how proud I should have been! How delighted I should have been to see that crowd under the windows! But she’s utterly unmoved by it. Her only motive is to avoid refusing and to please mamma. What is there in her? What is it gives her the power to look down on everything, to be calm independently of everything? How I should like to know it and to learn it of her!” thought Kitty, gazing into her serene face. The princess asked Varenka to sing again, and Varenka sang another song, also smoothly, distinctly, and well, standing erect at the piano and beating time on it with her thin, dark-skinned hand. The next song in the book was an Italian one. Kitty played the opening bars, and looked round at Varenka. “Let’s skip that,” said Varenka, flushing a little. Kitty let her eyes rest on Varenka’s face, with a look of dismay and inquiry. “Very well, the next one,” she said hurriedly, turning over the pages, and at once feeling that there was something connected with the song. “No,” answered Varenka with a smile, laying her hand on the music, “no, let’s have that one.” And she sang it just as quietly, as coolly, and as well as the others. When she had finished, they all thanked her again, and went off to tea. Kitty and Varenka went out into the little garden that adjoined the house. “Am I right, that you have some reminiscences connected with that song?” said Kitty. “Don’t tell me,” she added hastily, “only say if I’m right.” “No, why not? I’ll tell you simply,” said Varenka, and, without waiting for a reply, she went on: “Yes, it brings up memories, once painful ones. I cared for someone once, and I used to sing him that song.” Kitty with big, wide-open eyes gazed silently, sympathetically at Varenka. “I cared for him, and he cared for me; but his mother did not wish it, and he married another girl. He’s living now not far from us, and I see him sometimes. You didn’t think I had a love story too,” she said, and there was a faint gleam in her handsome face of that fire which Kitty felt must once have glowed all over her. “I didn’t think so? Why, if I were a man, I could never care for anyone else after knowing you. Only I can’t understand how he could, to please his mother, forget you and make you unhappy; he had no heart.” “Oh, no, he’s a very good man, and I’m not unhappy; quite the contrary, I’m very happy. Well, so we shan’t be singing any more now,” she added, turning towards the house. “How good you are! how good you are!” cried Kitty, and stopping her, she kissed her. “If I could only be even a little like you!” “Why should you be like anyone? You’re nice as you are,” said Varenka, smiling her gentle, weary smile. “No, I’m not nice at all. Come, tell me.... Stop a minute, let’s sit down,” said Kitty, making her sit down again beside her. “Tell me, isn’t it humiliating to think that a man has disdained your love, that he hasn’t cared for it?...” “But he didn’t disdain it; I believe he cared for me, but he was a dutiful son....” “Yes, but if it hadn’t been on account of his mother, if it had been his own doing?...” said Kitty, feeling she was giving away her secret, and that her face, burning with the flush of shame, had betrayed her already. “In that case he would have done wrong, and I should not have regretted him,” answered Varenka, evidently realizing that they were now talking not of her, but of Kitty. “But the humiliation,” said Kitty, “the humiliation one can never forget, can never forget,” she said, remembering her look at the last ball during the pause in the music. “Where is the humiliation? Why, you did nothing wrong?” “Worse than wrong—shameful.” Varenka shook her head and laid her hand on Kitty’s hand. “Why, what is there shameful?” she said. “You didn’t tell a man, who didn’t care for you, that you loved him, did you?” “Of course not; I never said a word, but he knew it. No, no, there are looks, there are ways; I can’t forget it, if I live a hundred years.” “Why so? I don’t understand. The whole point is whether you love him now or not,” said Varenka, who called everything by its name. “I hate him; I can’t forgive myself.” “Why, what for?” “The shame, the humiliation!” “Oh! if everyone were as sensitive as you are!” said Varenka. “There isn’t a girl who hasn’t been through the same. And it’s all so unimportant.” “Why, what is important?” said Kitty, looking into her face with inquisitive wonder. “Oh, there’s so much that’s important,” said Varenka, smiling. “Why, what?” “Oh, so much that’s more important,” answered Varenka, not knowing what to say. But at that instant they heard the princess’s voice from the window. “Kitty, it’s cold! Either get a shawl, or come indoors.” “It really is time to go in!” said Varenka, getting up. “I have to go on to Madame Berthe’s; she asked me to.” Kitty held her by the hand, and with passionate curiosity and entreaty her eyes asked her: “What is it, what is this of such importance that gives you such tranquillity? You know, tell me!” But Varenka did not even know what Kitty’s eyes were asking her. She merely thought that she had to go to see Madame Berthe too that evening, and to make haste home in time for maman’s tea at twelve o’clock. She went indoors, collected her music, and saying good-bye to everyone, was about to go. “Allow me to see you home,” said the colonel. “Yes, how can you go alone at night like this?” chimed in the princess. “Anyway, I’ll send Parasha.” Kitty saw that Varenka could hardly restrain a smile at the idea that she needed an escort. “No, I always go about alone and nothing ever happens to me,” she said, taking her hat. And kissing Kitty once more, without saying what was important, she stepped out courageously with the music under her arm and vanished into the twilight of the summer night, bearing away with her her secret of what was important and what gave her the calm and dignity so much to be envied.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
Modern English
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This chapter functions as a character foil study, placing Varenka's achieved equanimity against Kitty's raw emotional wound. Tolstoy constructs Varenka as an almost allegorical figure of selfless renunciation: her origins are literally substituted, her identity defined not by blood or social performance but by quiet service. The biographical backstory of Madame Stahl—whose religious reputation is deliberately left ambiguous—frames Varenka within a world of contested authenticity, yet Varenka herself is presented as entirely genuine, a contrast that sharpens the chapter's meditation on what constitutes a real inner life.

The singing scene is a masterpiece of dramatic irony. The crowd gathering beneath the window, the colonel's admiring remark, and the princess's effusive praise all represent the social machinery of vanity that Kitty openly confesses she would have succumbed to. Varenka's indifference is not performed modesty but a genuine absence of ego-investment, and Kitty's interior monologue—"If it had been I, how proud I should have been!"—makes the contrast explicit while simultaneously revealing Kitty's self-awareness and capacity for growth.

The Italian song operates as a symbol of sublimated grief. Varenka's momentary flush when she encounters it is the sole crack in her composure, and her decision to sing it anyway—"just as quietly, as coolly, and as well as the others"—enacts the very discipline Kitty is trying to understand. The song thus becomes a compressed narrative of Varenka's past love, and its performance models the transformation of private pain into impersonal beauty, a form of aesthetic transcendence that Tolstoy implicitly values.

The garden dialogue is structured as a Socratic exchange in which Kitty is the questioner and Varenka the reluctant sage. Kitty's confession—"the humiliation one can never forget"—is the chapter's emotional core, and Tolstoy renders her shame with precise psychological realism: she cannot name the specific moment but circles it obsessively, while Varenka's pragmatic response ("The whole point is whether you love him now or not") cuts through social convention to moral clarity. The phrase "called everything by its name" is Tolstoy's quiet endorsement of Varenka's moral directness over Kitty's socially conditioned self-torment.

The chapter closes on deliberate apophasis: Varenka's secret of "what was important" is withheld not through coyness but because she herself cannot formulate it—it is lived rather than articulated. The image of her stepping "courageously" into the "twilight of the summer night" with music under her arm transforms her into something close to a secular saint, her calm dignity figured as a kind of spiritual light that Kitty can perceive but not yet possess. This unresolved longing propels Kitty's arc toward her own eventual moral transformation later in the novel.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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