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Part Five, Chapter 19

Chapter Summary

After a long evening attending to the dying Nikolay, Levin reflects on how his wife Kitty and the old servant Agafea Mihalovna possess a certain, instinctive knowledge of death that he, despite his greater intellect, entirely lacks. He watches helplessly as Kitty moves with calm efficiency, arranging their hotel rooms, persuading Nikolay to receive extreme unction, and managing every practical detail without self-consciousness or fear.

Late at night, unable to eat or sleep, the couple talk quietly. Kitty combs her hair and speaks of the sacrament with quiet conviction; Levin confesses his gratitude for her presence and mourns that he never truly knew his brother in youth. Kitty gently closes the conversation, reminding him they must rest for the days ahead.

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Original Text
“Thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes.” So Levin thought about his wife as he talked to her that evening. Levin thought of the text, not because he considered himself “wise and prudent.” He did not so consider himself, but he could not help knowing that he had more intellect than his wife and Agafea Mihalovna, and he could not help knowing that when he thought of death, he thought with all the force of his intellect. He knew too that the brains of many great men, whose thoughts he had read, had brooded over death and yet knew not a hundredth part of what his wife and Agafea Mihalovna knew about it. Different as those two women were, Agafea Mihalovna and Katya, as his brother Nikolay had called her, and as Levin particularly liked to call her now, they were quite alike in this. Both knew, without a shade of doubt, what sort of thing life was and what was death, and though neither of them could have answered, and would even not have understood the questions that presented themselves to Levin, both had no doubt of the significance of this event, and were precisely alike in their way of looking at it, which they shared with millions of people. The proof that they knew for a certainty the nature of death lay in the fact that they knew without a second of hesitation how to deal with the dying, and were not frightened of them. Levin and other men like him, though they could have said a great deal about death, obviously did not know this since they were afraid of death, and were absolutely at a loss what to do when people were dying. If Levin had been alone now with his brother Nikolay, he would have looked at him with terror, and with still greater terror waited, and would not have known what else to do. More than that, he did not know what to say, how to look, how to move. To talk of outside things seemed to him shocking, impossible, to talk of death and depressing subjects—also impossible. To be silent, also impossible. “If I look at him he will think I am studying him, I am afraid; if I don’t look at him, he’ll think I’m thinking of other things. If I walk on tiptoe, he will be vexed; to tread firmly, I’m ashamed.” Kitty evidently did not think of herself, and had no time to think about herself: she was thinking about him because she knew something, and all went well. She told him about herself even and about her wedding, and smiled and sympathized with him and petted him, and talked of cases of recovery and all went well; so then she must know. The proof that her behavior and Agafea Mihalovna’s was not instinctive, animal, irrational, was that apart from the physical treatment, the relief of suffering, both Agafea Mihalovna and Kitty required for the dying man something else more important than the physical treatment, and something which had nothing in common with physical conditions. Agafea Mihalovna, speaking of the man just dead, had said: “Well, thank God, he took the sacrament and received absolution; God grant each one of us such a death.” Katya in just the same way, besides all her care about linen, bedsores, drink, found time the very first day to persuade the sick man of the necessity of taking the sacrament and receiving absolution. On getting back from the sick-room to their own two rooms for the night, Levin sat with hanging head not knowing what to do. Not to speak of supper, of preparing for bed, of considering what they were going to do, he could not even talk to his wife; he was ashamed to. Kitty, on the contrary, was more active than usual. She was even livelier than usual. She ordered supper to be brought, herself unpacked their things, and herself helped to make the beds, and did not even forget to sprinkle them with Persian powder. She showed that alertness, that swiftness of reflection which comes out in men before a battle, in conflict, in the dangerous and decisive moments of life—those moments when a man shows once and for all his value, and that all his past has not been wasted but has been a preparation for these moments. Everything went rapidly in her hands, and before it was twelve o’clock all their things were arranged cleanly and tidily in her rooms, in such a way that the hotel rooms seemed like home: the beds were made, brushes, combs, looking-glasses were put out, table napkins were spread. Levin felt that it was unpardonable to eat, to sleep, to talk even now, and it seemed to him that every movement he made was unseemly. She arranged the brushes, but she did it all so that there was nothing shocking in it. They could neither of them eat, however, and for a long while they could not sleep, and did not even go to bed. “I am very glad I persuaded him to receive extreme unction tomorrow,” she said, sitting in her dressing jacket before her folding looking-glass, combing her soft, fragrant hair with a fine comb. “I have never seen it, but I know, mamma has told me, there are prayers said for recovery.” “Do you suppose he can possibly recover?” said Levin, watching a slender tress at the back of her round little head that was continually hidden when she passed the comb through the front. “I asked the doctor; he said he couldn’t live more than three days. But can they be sure? I’m very glad, anyway, that I persuaded him,” she said, looking askance at her husband through her hair. “Anything is possible,” she added with that peculiar, rather sly expression that was always in her face when she spoke of religion. Since their conversation about religion when they were engaged neither of them had ever started a discussion of the subject, but she performed all the ceremonies of going to church, saying her prayers, and so on, always with the unvarying conviction that this ought to be so. In spite of his assertion to the contrary, she was firmly persuaded that he was as much a Christian as she, and indeed a far better one; and all that he said about it was simply one of his absurd masculine freaks, just as he would say about her broderie anglaise that good people patch holes, but that she cut them on purpose, and so on. “Yes, you see this woman, Marya Nikolaevna, did not know how to manage all this,” said Levin. “And ... I must own I’m very, very glad you came. You are such purity that....” He took her hand and did not kiss it (to kiss her hand in such closeness to death seemed to him improper); he merely squeezed it with a penitent air, looking at her brightening eyes. “It would have been miserable for you to be alone,” she said, and lifting her hands which hid her cheeks flushing with pleasure, twisted her coil of hair on the nape of her neck and pinned it there. “No,” she went on, “she did not know how.... Luckily, I learned a lot at Soden.” “Surely there are not people there so ill?” “Worse.” “What’s so awful to me is that I can’t see him as he was when he was young. You would not believe how charming he was as a youth, but I did not understand him then.” “I can quite, quite believe it. How I feel that we might have been friends!” she said; and, distressed at what she had said, she looked round at her husband, and tears came into her eyes. “Yes, might have been,” he said mournfully. “He’s just one of those people of whom they say they’re not for this world.” “But we have many days before us; we must go to bed,” said Kitty, glancing at her tiny watch.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter is structured around a central epistemological paradox: the man of greater formal intellect knows less about the most fundamental human experience than the women around him. Tolstoy frames this through the biblical epigraph Levin silently recalls — Matthew 11:25, in which wisdom is hidden from the learned and revealed to the simple. The irony is carefully layered: Levin does not claim to be wise, yet his very self-awareness about his intellectual superiority over Kitty and Agafea Mihalovna is itself the mark of the proud, rationalising mind that cannot access the knowledge he envies.

Tolstoy develops a sustained contrast between intellectual knowledge and embodied knowledge. Levin's paralysis — his inability to know where to look, how to walk, what to say — is rendered through a cascade of anxious hypotheticals that enact his helplessness on the sentence level. Kitty, by contrast, is described with the energy of a soldier before battle, her competence framed in the language of decisive, historically proven action. This gendered opposition is not simple: Tolstoy is careful to insist that Kitty's and Agafea Mihalovna's knowledge is not 'instinctive, animal, irrational' but something higher — a spiritual certainty that transcends both instinct and reason.

The chapter also advances Tolstoy's treatment of religion and faith. Kitty's quiet insistence on the sacrament of extreme unction is presented without sentimentality. Her faith is habitual and unargued, and the narrator notes that she regards Levin's religious scepticism as merely one of his 'absurd masculine freaks.' This gentle dismissal is itself significant: Tolstoy suggests that the rationalising, questioning stance toward religion is a kind of vanity, while the unexamined, practised faith of women like Kitty is closer to genuine spiritual wisdom.

The intimate scene of Kitty combing her hair functions as a domestic counterpoint to the death chamber. The detail of 'soft, fragrant hair' and the 'tiny watch' at the chapter's close anchor the transcendent themes in the physical and temporal. Levin's restraint — he squeezes her hand but does not kiss it, feeling that tenderness would be improper so close to death — reveals his moral seriousness and his continuing inability to integrate the domestic and the mortal. Kitty, characteristically, has no such difficulty.

Finally, Levin's lament that he never understood his brother when young, and Kitty's response — 'How I feel that we might have been friends!' — introduces a note of irreversible loss that deepens the chapter's meditation on time and knowledge. The tragedy is not only that Nikolay is dying but that understanding, like Kitty's kind of wisdom, often arrives too late for the intellectually proud.

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