Anna Karenina Study Guide
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Part Five, Chapter 4

Chapter Summary

Levin and Kitty arrive at the church amid whispered comments from the crowd. Levin, dazed and overwhelmed, barely registers the teasing of Stepan Arkadyevitch or the well-wishes of family friends; he cannot take his eyes off Kitty, whom he finds more beautiful than ever despite others' opinions. He fumbles through the ceremonial instructions, unable to take Kitty's hand correctly or follow the priest's directions.

The Orthodox wedding service begins with prayers, blessings, and the exchange of rings. Levin is struck by the prayer for divine help, feeling it answers his own private fears. Kitty, meanwhile, is absorbed not in the liturgical words but in the overwhelming emotional completion of a six-week inner transformation. Both bride and groom grow increasingly solemn and moved, and Levin ends the chapter with tears he cannot suppress, feeling that marriage is something far beyond anything he had imagined.

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Original Text
“They’ve come!” “Here he is!” “Which one?” “Rather young, eh?” “Why, my dear soul, she looks more dead than alive!” were the comments in the crowd, when Levin, meeting his bride in the entrance, walked with her into the church. Stepan Arkadyevitch told his wife the cause of the delay, and the guests were whispering it with smiles to one another. Levin saw nothing and no one; he did not take his eyes off his bride. Everyone said she had lost her looks dreadfully of late, and was not nearly so pretty on her wedding day as usual; but Levin did not think so. He looked at her hair done up high, with the long white veil and white flowers and the high, stand-up, scalloped collar, that in such a maidenly fashion hid her long neck at the sides and only showed it in front, her strikingly slender figure, and it seemed to him that she looked better than ever—not because these flowers, this veil, this gown from Paris added anything to her beauty; but because, in spite of the elaborate sumptuousness of her attire, the expression of her sweet face, of her eyes, of her lips was still her own characteristic expression of guileless truthfulness. “I was beginning to think you meant to run away,” she said, and smiled to him. “It’s so stupid, what happened to me, I’m ashamed to speak of it!” he said, reddening, and he was obliged to turn to Sergey Ivanovitch, who came up to him. “This is a pretty story of yours about the shirt!” said Sergey Ivanovitch, shaking his head and smiling. “Yes, yes!” answered Levin, without an idea of what they were talking about. “Now, Kostya, you have to decide,” said Stepan Arkadyevitch with an air of mock dismay, “a weighty question. You are at this moment just in the humor to appreciate all its gravity. They ask me, are they to light the candles that have been lighted before or candles that have never been lighted? It’s a matter of ten roubles,” he added, relaxing his lips into a smile. “I have decided, but I was afraid you might not agree.” Levin saw it was a joke, but he could not smile. “Well, how’s it to be then?—unlighted or lighted candles? that’s the question.” “Yes, yes, unlighted.” “Oh, I’m very glad. The question’s decided!” said Stepan Arkadyevitch, smiling. “How silly men are, though, in this position,” he said to Tchirikov, when Levin, after looking absently at him, had moved back to his bride. “Kitty, mind you’re the first to step on the carpet,” said Countess Nordston, coming up. “You’re a nice person!” she said to Levin. “Aren’t you frightened, eh?” said Marya Dmitrievna, an old aunt. “Are you cold? You’re pale. Stop a minute, stoop down,” said Kitty’s sister, Madame Lvova, and with her plump, handsome arms she smilingly set straight the flowers on her head. Dolly came up, tried to say something, but could not speak, cried, and then laughed unnaturally. Kitty looked at all of them with the same absent eyes as Levin. Meanwhile the officiating clergy had got into their vestments, and the priest and deacon came out to the lectern, which stood in the forepart of the church. The priest turned to Levin saying something. Levin did not hear what the priest said. “Take the bride’s hand and lead her up,” the best man said to Levin. It was a long while before Levin could make out what was expected of him. For a long time they tried to set him right and made him begin again—because he kept taking Kitty by the wrong arm or with the wrong arm—till he understood at last that what he had to do was, without changing his position, to take her right hand in his right hand. When at last he had taken the bride’s hand in the correct way, the priest walked a few paces in front of them and stopped at the lectern. The crowd of friends and relations moved after them, with a buzz of talk and a rustle of skirts. Someone stooped down and pulled out the bride’s train. The church became so still that the drops of wax could be heard falling from the candles. The little old priest in his ecclesiastical cap, with his long silvery-gray locks of hair parted behind his ears, was fumbling with something at the lectern, putting out his little old hands from under the heavy silver vestment with the gold cross on the back of it. Stepan Arkadyevitch approached him cautiously, whispered something, and making a sign to Levin, walked back again. The priest lighted two candles, wreathed with flowers, and holding them sideways so that the wax dropped slowly from them he turned, facing the bridal pair. The priest was the same old man that had confessed Levin. He looked with weary and melancholy eyes at the bride and bridegroom, sighed, and putting his right hand out from his vestment, blessed the bridegroom with it, and also with a shade of solicitous tenderness laid the crossed fingers on the bowed head of Kitty. Then he gave them the candles, and taking the censer, moved slowly away from them. “Can it be true?” thought Levin, and he looked round at his bride. Looking down at her he saw her face in profile, and from the scarcely perceptible quiver of her lips and eyelashes he knew she was aware of his eyes upon her. She did not look round, but the high scalloped collar, that reached her little pink ear, trembled faintly. He saw that a sigh was held back in her throat, and the little hand in the long glove shook as it held the candle. All the fuss of the shirt, of being late, all the talk of friends and relations, their annoyance, his ludicrous position—all suddenly passed away and he was filled with joy and dread. The handsome, stately head-deacon wearing a silver robe and his curly locks standing out at each side of his head, stepped smartly forward, and lifting his stole on two fingers, stood opposite the priest. “Blessed be the name of the Lord,” the solemn syllables rang out slowly one after another, setting the air quivering with waves of sound. “Blessed is the name of our God, from the beginning, is now, and ever shall be,” the little old priest answered in a submissive, piping voice, still fingering something at the lectern. And the full chorus of the unseen choir rose up, filling the whole church, from the windows to the vaulted roof, with broad waves of melody. It grew stronger, rested for an instant, and slowly died away. They prayed, as they always do, for peace from on high and for salvation, for the Holy Synod, and for the Tsar; they prayed, too, for the servants of God, Konstantin and Ekaterina, now plighting their troth. “Vouchsafe to them love made perfect, peace and help, O Lord, we beseech Thee,” the whole church seemed to breathe with the voice of the head deacon. Levin heard the words, and they impressed him. “How did they guess that it is help, just help that one wants?” he thought, recalling all his fears and doubts of late. “What do I know? what can I do in this fearful business,” he thought, “without help? Yes, it is help I want now.” When the deacon had finished the prayer for the Imperial family, the priest turned to the bridal pair with a book: “Eternal God, that joinest together in love them that were separate,” he read in a gentle, piping voice: “who hast ordained the union of holy wedlock that cannot be set asunder, Thou who didst bless Isaac and Rebecca and their descendants, according to Thy Holy Covenant; bless Thy servants, Konstantin and Ekaterina, leading them in the path of all good works. For gracious and merciful art Thou, our Lord, and glory be to Thee, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, now and ever shall be.” “Amen!” the unseen choir sent rolling again upon the air. “‘Joinest together in love them that were separate.’ What deep meaning in those words, and how they correspond with what one feels at this moment,” thought Levin. “Is she feeling the same as I?” And looking round, he met her eyes, and from their expression he concluded that she was understanding it just as he was. But this was a mistake; she almost completely missed the meaning of the words of the service; she had not heard them, in fact. She could not listen to them and take them in, so strong was the one feeling that filled her breast and grew stronger and stronger. That feeling was joy at the completion of the process that for the last month and a half had been going on in her soul, and had during those six weeks been a joy and a torture to her. On the day when in the drawing-room of the house in Arbaty Street she had gone up to him in her brown dress, and given herself to him without a word—on that day, at that hour, there took place in her heart a complete severance from all her old life, and a quite different, new, utterly strange life had begun for her, while the old life was actually going on as before. Those six weeks had for her been a time of the utmost bliss and the utmost misery. All her life, all her desires and hopes were concentrated on this one man, still uncomprehended by her, to whom she was bound by a feeling of alternate attraction and repulsion, even less comprehended than the man himself, and all the while she was going on living in the outward conditions of her old life. Living the old life, she was horrified at herself, at her utter insurmountable callousness to all her own past, to things, to habits, to the people she had loved, who loved her—to her mother, who was wounded by her indifference, to her kind, tender father, till then dearer than all the world. At one moment she was horrified at this indifference, at another she rejoiced at what had brought her to this indifference. She could not frame a thought, not a wish apart from life with this man; but this new life was not yet, and she could not even picture it clearly to herself. There was only anticipation, the dread and joy of the new and the unknown. And now behold—anticipation and uncertainty and remorse at the abandonment of the old life—all was ending, and the new was beginning. This new life could not but have terrors for her inexperience; but, terrible or not, the change had been wrought six weeks before in her soul, and this was merely the final sanction of what had long been completed in her heart. Turning again to the lectern, the priest with some difficulty took Kitty’s little ring, and asking Levin for his hand, put it on the first joint of his finger. “The servant of God, Konstantin, plights his troth to the servant of God, Ekaterina.” And putting his big ring on Kitty’s touchingly weak, pink little finger, the priest said the same thing. And the bridal pair tried several times to understand what they had to do, and each time made some mistake and were corrected by the priest in a whisper. At last, having duly performed the ceremony, having signed the rings with the cross, the priest handed Kitty the big ring, and Levin the little one. Again they were puzzled, and passed the rings from hand to hand, still without doing what was expected. Dolly, Tchirikov, and Stepan Arkadyevitch stepped forward to set them right. There was an interval of hesitation, whispering, and smiles; but the expression of solemn emotion on the faces of the betrothed pair did not change: on the contrary, in their perplexity over their hands they looked more grave and deeply moved than before, and the smile with which Stepan Arkadyevitch whispered to them that now they would each put on their own ring died away on his lips. He had a feeling that any smile would jar on them. “Thou who didst from the beginning create male and female,” the priest read after the exchange of rings, “from Thee woman was given to man to be a helpmeet to him, and for the procreation of children. O Lord, our God, who hast poured down the blessings of Thy Truth according to Thy Holy Covenant upon Thy chosen servants, our fathers, from generation to generation, bless Thy servants Konstantin and Ekaterina, and make their troth fast in faith, and union of hearts, and truth, and love....” Levin felt more and more that all his ideas of marriage, all his dreams of how he would order his life, were mere childishness, and that it was something he had not understood hitherto, and now understood less than ever, though it was being performed upon him. The lump in his throat rose higher and higher, tears that would not be checked came into his eyes.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter is structured around a sustained tension between outward ceremony and inward experience. Tolstoy repeatedly shows the gap between the social surface of the wedding—the crowd's comments, Oblonsky's jokes about candles, the fumbled ring exchange—and the profound, barely articulable states of consciousness that Levin and Kitty inhabit. The comic business of the shirt, the wrong arm, the mishandled rings is not mere farce; it enacts Levin's radical displacement from ordinary social competence by the enormity of what is happening to him. His inability to perform even simple ritual gestures signals that he has crossed a threshold beyond the reach of habit and convention.

Tolstoy's use of free indirect discourse is especially sophisticated here. The narrative moves fluidly into Levin's interiority—"Can it be true?" "What do I know? what can I do in this fearful business without help?"—and then pivots to correct his assumption about Kitty's inner state. Levin believes she shares his theological attentiveness to the liturgy; the narrator flatly contradicts him. This correction is not ironic at Kitty's expense but rather a demonstration that two people can be equally and authentically overwhelmed while experiencing entirely different things. Subjectivity and mutual incomprehension coexist with genuine love.

The Orthodox liturgy functions as more than atmospheric backdrop; it is a structural and thematic counterpoint to the characters' private feelings. The prayer "Vouchsafe to them love made perfect, peace and help" lands on Levin with the force of revelation because it names exactly what he has been silently craving. The phrase "joinest together in love them that were separate" prompts his most expansive moment of reflection. Tolstoy thus uses liturgical language as a kind of objective correlative: the ancient words give form to emotions that the characters themselves cannot articulate, suggesting that religious ritual retains genuine power even for a man as intellectually restless as Levin.

Kitty's extended interior monologue near the chapter's centre is one of the novel's most carefully constructed passages on identity and transformation. Her six weeks of betrothal are described as simultaneously "the utmost bliss and the utmost misery," a period in which her old self—her attachments to parents, habits, and past—became strangely foreign to her. Tolstoy frames this not as selfishness but as the inexorable logic of a total reorientation of the self toward another person. The wedding ceremony is therefore not the beginning of change but its "final sanction," a public ratification of what has already been accomplished inwardly. This retrospective structure challenges the conventional narrative of marriage as rupture and beginning.

The chapter closes on Levin's tears and his recognition that all his prior "ideas of marriage" were "mere childishness." This moment of epistemic humility is characteristic of Tolstoy's treatment of Levin throughout the novel: genuine experience consistently exceeds and dismantles the intellectual frameworks Levin constructs in advance. The wedding thus becomes an initiation not only into marriage but into a mode of knowing that is embodied, affective, and irreducible to prior conception—a theme that will resonate through Levin's arc for the remainder of the novel.

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