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Part Eight, Chapter 3

Chapter Summary

Sergey Ivanovitch and Katavasov board a train crowded with volunteers heading to Serbia. Katavasov moves to the second-class carriage and converses with three volunteers: a boastful, tipsy young Moscow merchant, a pretentious retired officer who has failed at every career, and a quiet, modest artillery cadet who simply feels sorry for the Serbs. The volunteers make a largely unfavorable impression on Katavasov.

When the volunteers step off for drinks, Katavasov speaks with an old military officer who privately shares his skepticism but refuses to voice it openly, fearing public opinion. Both men conceal their true views from each other. Katavasov returns to Sergey Ivanovitch and, with conscious hypocrisy, reports that the volunteers are fine fellows. At a provincial station the patriotic send-off is repeated, but on a noticeably diminished scale compared to Moscow.

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Original Text
Saying good-bye to the princess, Sergey Ivanovitch was joined by Katavasov; together they got into a carriage full to overflowing, and the train started. At Tsaritsino station the train was met by a chorus of young men singing “Hail to Thee!” Again the volunteers bowed and poked their heads out, but Sergey Ivanovitch paid no attention to them. He had had so much to do with the volunteers that the type was familiar to him and did not interest him. Katavasov, whose scientific work had prevented his having a chance of observing them hitherto, was very much interested in them and questioned Sergey Ivanovitch. Sergey Ivanovitch advised him to go into the second-class and talk to them himself. At the next station Katavasov acted on this suggestion. At the first stop he moved into the second-class and made the acquaintance of the volunteers. They were sitting in a corner of the carriage, talking loudly and obviously aware that the attention of the passengers and Katavasov as he got in was concentrated upon them. More loudly than all talked the tall, hollow-chested young man. He was unmistakably tipsy, and was relating some story that had occurred at his school. Facing him sat a middle-aged officer in the Austrian military jacket of the Guards uniform. He was listening with a smile to the hollow-chested youth, and occasionally pulling him up. The third, in an artillery uniform, was sitting on a box beside them. A fourth was asleep. Entering into conversation with the youth, Katavasov learned that he was a wealthy Moscow merchant who had run through a large fortune before he was two-and-twenty. Katavasov did not like him, because he was unmanly and effeminate and sickly. He was obviously convinced, especially now after drinking, that he was performing a heroic action, and he bragged of it in the most unpleasant way. The second, the retired officer, made an unpleasant impression too upon Katavasov. He was, it seemed, a man who had tried everything. He had been on a railway, had been a land-steward, and had started factories, and he talked, quite without necessity, of all he had done, and used learned expressions quite inappropriately. The third, the artilleryman, on the contrary, struck Katavasov very favorably. He was a quiet, modest fellow, unmistakably impressed by the knowledge of the officer and the heroic self-sacrifice of the merchant and saying nothing about himself. When Katavasov asked him what had impelled him to go to Servia, he answered modestly: “Oh, well, everyone’s going. The Servians want help, too. I’m sorry for them.” “Yes, you artillerymen especially are scarce there,” said Katavasov. “Oh, I wasn’t long in the artillery, maybe they’ll put me into the infantry or the cavalry.” “Into the infantry when they need artillery more than anything?” said Katavasov, fancying from the artilleryman’s apparent age that he must have reached a fairly high grade. “I wasn’t long in the artillery; I’m a cadet retired,” he said, and he began to explain how he had failed in his examination. All of this together made a disagreeable impression on Katavasov, and when the volunteers got out at a station for a drink, Katavasov would have liked to compare his unfavorable impression in conversation with someone. There was an old man in the carriage, wearing a military overcoat, who had been listening all the while to Katavasov’s conversation with the volunteers. When they were left alone, Katavasov addressed him. “What different positions they come from, all those fellows who are going off there,” Katavasov said vaguely, not wishing to express his own opinion, and at the same time anxious to find out the old man’s views. The old man was an officer who had served on two campaigns. He knew what makes a soldier, and judging by the appearance and the talk of those persons, by the swagger with which they had recourse to the bottle on the journey, he considered them poor soldiers. Moreover, he lived in a district town, and he was longing to tell how one soldier had volunteered from his town, a drunkard and a thief whom no one would employ as a laborer. But knowing by experience that in the present condition of the public temper it was dangerous to express an opinion opposed to the general one, and especially to criticize the volunteers unfavorably, he too watched Katavasov without committing himself. “Well, men are wanted there,” he said, laughing with his eyes. And they fell to talking of the last war news, and each concealed from the other his perplexity as to the engagement expected next day, since the Turks had been beaten, according to the latest news, at all points. And so they parted, neither giving expression to his opinion. Katavasov went back to his own carriage, and with reluctant hypocrisy reported to Sergey Ivanovitch his observations of the volunteers, from which it would appear that they were capital fellows. At a big station at a town the volunteers were again greeted with shouts and singing, again men and women with collecting boxes appeared, and provincial ladies brought bouquets to the volunteers and followed them into the refreshment room; but all this was on a much smaller and feebler scale than in Moscow.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter functions as a deliberate deflation of nationalist enthusiasm, placing the abstract rhetoric of Pan-Slavic solidarity under the scrutiny of close social observation. Tolstoy structures the scene as a series of character sketches—the hollow-chested merchant, the failed careerist officer, the modest cadet—that collectively undermine the heroic narrative the public ceremony has been constructing. The volunteers are not idealists but social misfits, drunks, and braggers, and the chapter's irony depends on the gap between the singing crowds and the reality inside the carriage.

The artilleryman stands apart as a figure of authentic, unreflective compassion: 'Oh, well, everyone's going. The Servians want help, too. I'm sorry for them.' His simplicity is not heroism but human sympathy, and Tolstoy uses him to suggest that genuine moral impulse requires no theatrical self-consciousness. His contrast with the merchant—who performs heroism precisely because he is drunk enough to believe in his own performance—sharpens the novel's ongoing critique of self-deception.

The exchange between Katavasov and the old military officer is a masterpiece of social cowardice rendered structurally. Neither man will speak his true opinion; each reads the other's hesitation correctly yet still withholds. The old officer's knowledge that 'it was dangerous to express an opinion opposed to the general one' introduces the theme of public opinion as coercive force, a pressure that distorts private judgment and manufactures false consensus. The chapter thus enacts, rather than merely describes, the mechanism by which mass sentiment silences dissent.

Katavasov's final 'reluctant hypocrisy'—reporting to Sergey Ivanovitch that the volunteers are 'capital fellows'—closes the chapter with a quietly devastating phrase. The adverb 'reluctant' preserves Katavasov's self-awareness, yet the hypocrisy is performed anyway, suggesting that social conformity operates even on intelligent, well-meaning individuals. This mirrors the broader novel's concern with the gap between inner truth and social performance, a theme central to Anna's tragedy.

The diminishing scale of the provincial send-off—'on a much smaller and feebler scale than in Moscow'—functions as a spatial and symbolic recession: as the train moves away from the capital, the manufactured enthusiasm loses energy, hinting that the entire patriotic spectacle is a metropolitan fiction that cannot sustain itself across the real geography of Russia.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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