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Part Two, Chapter 12

Chapter Summary

Three months after his rejection by Kitty, Levin remains at his country estate, still wounded by the humiliation despite his attempts to reason himself into indifference. He compares his suffering to past embarrassments, hoping time will heal him as it has before, yet the pain persists. He occupies himself with farming, a scholarly work on agriculture that factors in the peasant's character, and occasional philosophical conversations with his housekeeper Agafea Mihalovna. He also travels to Moscow to persuade his ailing brother Nikolay to seek medical treatment abroad.

As winter yields to spring, Tolstoy renders the seasonal transformation in lavish detail: frost, fog, and driving rain give way to a brilliant morning of birdsong, budding trees, lowing cattle, and busy peasants. The arrival of true spring coincides with Levin's renewed resolve to build an independent, purposeful life, and the chapter closes on this image of natural and personal regeneration.

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Original Text
In the early days after his return from Moscow, whenever Levin shuddered and grew red, remembering the disgrace of his rejection, he said to himself: “This was just how I used to shudder and blush, thinking myself utterly lost, when I was plucked in physics and did not get my remove; and how I thought myself utterly ruined after I had mismanaged that affair of my sister’s that was entrusted to me. And yet, now that years have passed, I recall it and wonder that it could distress me so much. It will be the same thing too with this trouble. Time will go by and I shall not mind about this either.” But three months had passed and he had not left off minding about it; and it was as painful for him to think of it as it had been those first days. He could not be at peace because after dreaming so long of family life, and feeling himself so ripe for it, he was still not married, and was further than ever from marriage. He was painfully conscious himself, as were all about him, that at his years it is not well for man to be alone. He remembered how before starting for Moscow he had once said to his cowman Nikolay, a simple-hearted peasant, whom he liked talking to: “Well, Nikolay! I mean to get married,” and how Nikolay had promptly answered, as of a matter on which there could be no possible doubt: “And high time too, Konstantin Dmitrievitch.” But marriage had now become further off than ever. The place was taken, and whenever he tried to imagine any of the girls he knew in that place, he felt that it was utterly impossible. Moreover, the recollection of the rejection and the part he had played in the affair tortured him with shame. However often he told himself that he was in no wise to blame in it, that recollection, like other humiliating reminiscences of a similar kind, made him twinge and blush. There had been in his past, as in every man’s, actions, recognized by him as bad, for which his conscience ought to have tormented him; but the memory of these evil actions was far from causing him so much suffering as those trivial but humiliating reminiscences. These wounds never healed. And with these memories was now ranged his rejection and the pitiful position in which he must have appeared to others that evening. But time and work did their part. Bitter memories were more and more covered up by the incidents—paltry in his eyes, but really important—of his country life. Every week he thought less often of Kitty. He was impatiently looking forward to the news that she was married, or just going to be married, hoping that such news would, like having a tooth out, completely cure him. Meanwhile spring came on, beautiful and kindly, without the delays and treacheries of spring,—one of those rare springs in which plants, beasts, and man rejoice alike. This lovely spring roused Levin still more, and strengthened him in his resolution of renouncing all his past and building up his lonely life firmly and independently. Though many of the plans with which he had returned to the country had not been carried out, still his most important resolution—that of purity—had been kept by him. He was free from that shame, which had usually harassed him after a fall; and he could look everyone straight in the face. In February he had received a letter from Marya Nikolaevna telling him that his brother Nikolay’s health was getting worse, but that he would not take advice, and in consequence of this letter Levin went to Moscow to his brother’s and succeeded in persuading him to see a doctor and to go to a watering-place abroad. He succeeded so well in persuading his brother, and in lending him money for the journey without irritating him, that he was satisfied with himself in that matter. In addition to his farming, which called for special attention in spring, and in addition to reading, Levin had begun that winter a work on agriculture, the plan of which turned on taking into account the character of the laborer on the land as one of the unalterable data of the question, like the climate and the soil, and consequently deducing all the principles of scientific culture, not simply from the data of soil and climate, but from the data of soil, climate, and a certain unalterable character of the laborer. Thus, in spite of his solitude, or in consequence of his solitude, his life was exceedingly full. Only rarely he suffered from an unsatisfied desire to communicate his stray ideas to someone besides Agafea Mihalovna. With her indeed he not infrequently fell into discussion upon physics, the theory of agriculture, and especially philosophy; philosophy was Agafea Mihalovna’s favorite subject. Spring was slow in unfolding. For the last few weeks it had been steadily fine frosty weather. In the daytime it thawed in the sun, but at night there were even seven degrees of frost. There was such a frozen surface on the snow that they drove the wagons anywhere off the roads. Easter came in the snow. Then all of a sudden, on Easter Monday, a warm wind sprang up, storm clouds swooped down, and for three days and three nights the warm, driving rain fell in streams. On Thursday the wind dropped, and a thick gray fog brooded over the land as though hiding the mysteries of the transformations that were being wrought in nature. Behind the fog there was the flowing of water, the cracking and floating of ice, the swift rush of turbid, foaming torrents; and on the following Monday, in the evening, the fog parted, the storm clouds split up into little curling crests of cloud, the sky cleared, and the real spring had come. In the morning the sun rose brilliant and quickly wore away the thin layer of ice that covered the water, and all the warm air was quivering with the steam that rose up from the quickened earth. The old grass looked greener, and the young grass thrust up its tiny blades; the buds of the guelder-rose and of the currant and the sticky birch-buds were swollen with sap, and an exploring bee was humming about the golden blossoms that studded the willow. Larks trilled unseen above the velvety green fields and the ice-covered stubble-land; peewits wailed over the low lands and marshes flooded by the pools; cranes and wild geese flew high across the sky uttering their spring calls. The cattle, bald in patches where the new hair had not grown yet, lowed in the pastures; the bowlegged lambs frisked round their bleating mothers. Nimble children ran about the drying paths, covered with the prints of bare feet. There was a merry chatter of peasant women over their linen at the pond, and the ring of axes in the yard, where the peasants were repairing ploughs and harrows. The real spring had come.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter operates as a carefully structured psychological portrait of Levin in the aftermath of romantic failure. Tolstoy opens with Levin's attempt at self-consolation through analogy—comparing his present shame to past humiliations that eventually lost their sting—only to undercut that consolation immediately: "three months had passed and he had not left off minding about it." This ironic gap between Levin's rationalizations and his actual emotional state is a hallmark of Tolstoy's free indirect discourse, which allows the narrator to inhabit Levin's consciousness while quietly exposing its self-deceptions.

The passage introduces a crucial distinction between moral guilt and social shame. Levin reflects that the memory of genuinely bad actions troubles him far less than "trivial but humiliating reminiscences." This inversion—where wounded pride inflicts deeper suffering than wounded conscience—illuminates Levin's character as a man whose ego is more fragile than his ethics. It also anticipates one of the novel's central thematic tensions: the difference between authentic inner life and the performance of self before society.

Levin's intellectual project, a work on agriculture that treats the character of the laborer as an unalterable datum alongside soil and climate, is not merely biographical detail. It encodes his philosophical worldview: a resistance to abstract, imported Western theory in favor of organic, empirically grounded knowledge rooted in Russian particularity. This project mirrors his personal situation—he too is trying to build a life on honest foundations rather than romantic illusion, and the parallel between agrarian and existential reconstruction is quietly sustained throughout the chapter.

The extended spring description that closes the chapter is among the most celebrated passages of nature writing in the novel. Its function is not merely decorative; it operates as pathetic fallacy and structural counterpoint. The slow, treacherous false starts of winter—"the delays and treacheries of spring"—echo Levin's own prolonged emotional thaw, while the sudden, decisive arrival of real spring enacts the possibility of genuine renewal. The catalogue of sensory detail—larks, peewits, sticky birch-buds, bowlegged lambs, the ring of axes—grounds Levin's inner transformation in the communal, creaturely world of the estate, suggesting that his salvation lies in participation in natural and peasant life rather than in the drawing rooms of Moscow.

The brief mention of Levin's resolution of purity—kept through the winter—and his successful care for his brother Nikolay quietly accumulate moral credit, positioning him as a figure of genuine virtue in contrast to the social world of the novel's other plotlines. The chapter thus performs a double movement: it honestly records Levin's continuing pain and self-deception while simultaneously building the case for his capacity for growth, preparing the reader for his eventual redemption.

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