Anna Karenina Study Guide
Color Theme
Font Style
Sans Serif System Mono Accessible
Text Size

Part Seven, Chapter 31

Chapter Summary

Anna boards a train in a state of acute psychological distress, perceiving every fellow passenger and bystander as hideous, false, and cruel. Her racing thoughts spiral toward nihilism as she questions the purpose of reason and life itself. At the station she receives Vronsky's carelessly written note explaining he will be home late, confirming her worst suspicions of abandonment.

Overwhelmed and unable to find any refuge, Anna walks to the edge of the platform as a luggage train approaches. Recalling the man crushed by a train on the day she first met Vronsky, she understands what she must do. After a momentary flash of her bright past life, she throws herself beneath the wheels of the second carriage, dying with a final prayer for forgiveness as the light of her consciousness is extinguished forever.

Translation Style
✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
A bell rang, some young men, ugly and impudent, and at the same time careful of the impression they were making, hurried by. Pyotr, too, crossed the room in his livery and top-boots, with his dull, animal face, and came up to her to take her to the train. Some noisy men were quiet as she passed them on the platform, and one whispered something about her to another—something vile, no doubt. She stepped up on the high step, and sat down in a carriage by herself on a dirty seat that had been white. Her bag lay beside her, shaken up and down by the springiness of the seat. With a foolish smile Pyotr raised his hat, with its colored band, at the window, in token of farewell; an impudent conductor slammed the door and the latch. A grotesque-looking lady wearing a bustle (Anna mentally undressed the woman, and was appalled at her hideousness), and a little girl laughing affectedly ran down the platform. “Katerina Andreevna, she’s got them all, ma tante!” cried the girl. “Even the child’s hideous and affected,” thought Anna. To avoid seeing anyone, she got up quickly and seated herself at the opposite window of the empty carriage. A misshapen-looking peasant covered with dirt, in a cap from which his tangled hair stuck out all round, passed by that window, stooping down to the carriage wheels. “There’s something familiar about that hideous peasant,” thought Anna. And remembering her dream, she moved away to the opposite door, shaking with terror. The conductor opened the door and let in a man and his wife. “Do you wish to get out?” Anna made no answer. The conductor and her two fellow-passengers did not notice under her veil her panic-stricken face. She went back to her corner and sat down. The couple seated themselves on the opposite side, and intently but surreptitiously scrutinized her clothes. Both husband and wife seemed repulsive to Anna. The husband asked, would she allow him to smoke, obviously not with a view to smoking but to getting into conversation with her. Receiving her assent, he said to his wife in French something about caring less to smoke than to talk. They made inane and affected remarks to one another, entirely for her benefit. Anna saw clearly that they were sick of each other, and hated each other. And no one could have helped hating such miserable monstrosities. A second bell sounded, and was followed by moving of luggage, noise, shouting and laughter. It was so clear to Anna that there was nothing for anyone to be glad of, that this laughter irritated her agonizingly, and she would have liked to stop up her ears not to hear it. At last the third bell rang, there was a whistle and a hiss of steam, and a clank of chains, and the man in her carriage crossed himself. “It would be interesting to ask him what meaning he attaches to that,” thought Anna, looking angrily at him. She looked past the lady out of the window at the people who seemed whirling by as they ran beside the train or stood on the platform. The train, jerking at regular intervals at the junctions of the rails, rolled by the platform, past a stone wall, a signal-box, past other trains; the wheels, moving more smoothly and evenly, resounded with a slight clang on the rails. The window was lighted up by the bright evening sun, and a slight breeze fluttered the curtain. Anna forgot her fellow passengers, and to the light swaying of the train she fell to thinking again, as she breathed the fresh air. “Yes, what did I stop at? That I couldn’t conceive a position in which life would not be a misery, that we are all created to be miserable, and that we all know it, and all invent means of deceiving each other. And when one sees the truth, what is one to do?” “That’s what reason is given man for, to escape from what worries him,” said the lady in French, lisping affectedly, and obviously pleased with her phrase. The words seemed an answer to Anna’s thoughts. “To escape from what worries him,” repeated Anna. And glancing at the red-cheeked husband and the thin wife, she saw that the sickly wife considered herself misunderstood, and the husband deceived her and encouraged her in that idea of herself. Anna seemed to see all their history and all the crannies of their souls, as it were turning a light upon them. But there was nothing interesting in them, and she pursued her thought. “Yes, I’m very much worried, and that’s what reason was given me for, to escape; so then one must escape: why not put out the light when there’s nothing more to look at, when it’s sickening to look at it all? But how? Why did the conductor run along the footboard, why are they shrieking, those young men in that train? why are they talking, why are they laughing? It’s all falsehood, all lying, all humbug, all cruelty!...” When the train came into the station, Anna got out into the crowd of passengers, and moving apart from them as if they were lepers, she stood on the platform, trying to think what she had come here for, and what she meant to do. Everything that had seemed to her possible before was now so difficult to consider, especially in this noisy crowd of hideous people who would not leave her alone. One moment porters ran up to her proffering their services, then young men, clacking their heels on the planks of the platform and talking loudly, stared at her; people meeting her dodged past on the wrong side. Remembering that she had meant to go on further if there were no answer, she stopped a porter and asked if her coachman were not here with a note from Count Vronsky. “Count Vronsky? They sent up here from the Vronskys just this minute, to meet Princess Sorokina and her daughter. And what is the coachman like?” Just as she was talking to the porter, the coachman Mihail, red and cheerful in his smart blue coat and chain, evidently proud of having so successfully performed his commission, came up to her and gave her a letter. She broke it open, and her heart ached before she had read it. “I am very sorry your note did not reach me. I will be home at ten,” Vronsky had written carelessly.... “Yes, that’s what I expected!” she said to herself with an evil smile. “Very good, you can go home then,” she said softly, addressing Mihail. She spoke softly because the rapidity of her heart’s beating hindered her breathing. “No, I won’t let you make me miserable,” she thought menacingly, addressing not him, not herself, but the power that made her suffer, and she walked along the platform. Two maid-servants walking along the platform turned their heads, staring at her and making some remarks about her dress. “Real,” they said of the lace she was wearing. The young men would not leave her in peace. Again they passed by, peering into her face, and with a laugh shouting something in an unnatural voice. The station-master coming up asked her whether she was going by train. A boy selling kvas never took his eyes off her. “My God! where am I to go?” she thought, going farther and farther along the platform. At the end she stopped. Some ladies and children, who had come to meet a gentleman in spectacles, paused in their loud laughter and talking, and stared at her as she reached them. She quickened her pace and walked away from them to the edge of the platform. A luggage train was coming in. The platform began to sway, and she fancied she was in the train again. And all at once she thought of the man crushed by the train the day she had first met Vronsky, and she knew what she had to do. With a rapid, light step she went down the steps that led from the tank to the rails and stopped quite near the approaching train. She looked at the lower part of the carriages, at the screws and chains and the tall cast-iron wheel of the first carriage slowly moving up, and trying to measure the middle between the front and back wheels, and the very minute when that middle point would be opposite her. “There,” she said to herself, looking into the shadow of the carriage, at the sand and coal dust which covered the sleepers—“there, in the very middle, and I will punish him and escape from everyone and from myself.” She tried to fling herself below the wheels of the first carriage as it reached her; but the red bag which she tried to drop out of her hand delayed her, and she was too late; she missed the moment. She had to wait for the next carriage. A feeling such as she had known when about to take the first plunge in bathing came upon her, and she crossed herself. That familiar gesture brought back into her soul a whole series of girlish and childish memories, and suddenly the darkness that had covered everything for her was torn apart, and life rose up before her for an instant with all its bright past joys. But she did not take her eyes from the wheels of the second carriage. And exactly at the moment when the space between the wheels came opposite her, she dropped the red bag, and drawing her head back into her shoulders, fell on her hands under the carriage, and lightly, as though she would rise again at once, dropped on to her knees. And at the same instant she was terror-stricken at what she was doing. “Where am I? What am I doing? What for?” She tried to get up, to drop backwards; but something huge and merciless struck her on the head and rolled her on her back. “Lord, forgive me all!” she said, feeling it impossible to struggle. A peasant muttering something was working at the iron above her. And the light by which she had read the book filled with troubles, falsehoods, sorrow, and evil, flared up more brightly than ever before, lighted up for her all that had been in darkness, flickered, began to grow dim, and was quenched forever.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
Modern English
Select a style above to load the modern English translation.

This chapter is the structural and emotional climax of the novel, and Tolstoy constructs it with extraordinary psychological precision. The entire scene is filtered through Anna's distorted perception, a technique of radical free indirect discourse in which the narrator's voice and Anna's consciousness become virtually indistinguishable. Every person she encounters—the impudent conductor, the affected child, the mismatched couple—is rendered grotesque not because Tolstoy endorses that view but because we are trapped inside a mind collapsing under the weight of jealousy, isolation, and despair. The reader must constantly negotiate between Anna's interpretation and a more objective reality, a tension that generates both sympathy and unease.

The motif of falsehood reaches its culmination here. Anna's interior monologue—"It's all falsehood, all lying, all humbug, all cruelty"—echoes the novel's long meditation on social performance and self-deception. Ironically, the French-speaking wife's throwaway remark about reason serving to "escape from what worries" one is absorbed by Anna and twisted into a justification for suicide. Tolstoy shows how a mind in extremis can conscript even banal social chatter into its own fatal logic, demonstrating the danger of solipsistic reasoning severed from genuine human connection.

The candle metaphor in the chapter's final sentence—"the light by which she had read the book filled with troubles, falsehoods, sorrow, and evil, flared up more brightly than ever before… and was quenched forever"—is among the most celebrated images in world literature. It unifies the novel's recurring imagery of reading, knowledge, and illumination, suggesting that consciousness itself is a kind of reading, and that Anna's death is the closing of a book. The sudden flare before extinction also implies a moment of terrible clarity, a last vision of life's beauty that arrives too late to reverse her momentum.

The recurring peasant figure—dirty, misshapen, muttering over iron—appears here as he did in Anna's and Vronsky's shared nightmare, now made literal. Tolstoy uses this figure as a symbol of death and of the industrial modernity that the railway represents: impersonal, mechanical, indifferent. Anna's death beneath the wheels of a train is not merely a personal tragedy but a collision between a fully feeling human interiority and a dehumanizing modern world. The red bag she cannot drop in time is a small, devastating detail—the material world impedes even her final act of will.

Structurally, Tolstoy frames Anna's suicide with the gesture of crossing herself, linking her end to the religious and moral framework the novel has maintained throughout. Her last words, "Lord, forgive me all," introduce a note of spiritual humility absent from her recent interior monologue of rage and accusation. This ambiguity—is Anna damned or redeemed?—is deliberate. Tolstoy refuses a simple moral verdict, leaving the reader, like Anna herself in her final instant, suspended between darkness and a briefly flaring light.

Loading quotes...

Loading tags...

Ask the Reader

Click any tag to explore where it appears across the book, then ask the Reader to explain how it works in this chapter.

Exploring tag...
The Reader's Take
Ask the Reader to explain how this element appears in this chapter
Click a tag to search.
Ask the Reader about this chapter
Type at least 2 characters to search
Characters & Figures
Loading figures...
✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
SIS Teachers
Sign in with your @siskorea.org email for free full access to this guide and all GradeWise study guides — every chapter, translation, and premium feature.
Sign In with SIS Email