Anna Karenina Study Guide
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Part Seven, Chapter 23

Chapter Summary

Anna and Vronsky remain stranded in dusty Moscow despite having planned to leave for the country, trapped by a mutual irritability that has no single external cause. Their relationship has curdled into a cycle of unspoken grievances: Anna is convinced Vronsky's love has diminished and transfers her jealousy from one imagined rival to another, while Vronsky resents the difficult position he has placed himself in on her behalf. A quarrel sparked by his dismissive remarks about women's education and her English protégée Hannah has left both wounded but unreconciled.

Alone in his study while he attends a bachelor dinner, Anna rehearses the quarrel obsessively, oscillating between self-blame and renewed indignation. She resolves repeatedly to forgive him and take the blame on herself, yet each attempt circles back to the same exasperation. To break the mental loop she orders the trunks packed for the country, and the chapter closes as Vronsky arrives home at ten o'clock.

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Original Text
In order to carry through any undertaking in family life, there must necessarily be either complete division between the husband and wife, or loving agreement. When the relations of a couple are vacillating and neither one thing nor the other, no sort of enterprise can be undertaken. Many families remain for years in the same place, though both husband and wife are sick of it, simply because there is neither complete division nor agreement between them. Both Vronsky and Anna felt life in Moscow insupportable in the heat and dust, when the spring sunshine was followed by the glare of summer, and all the trees in the boulevards had long since been in full leaf, and the leaves were covered with dust. But they did not go back to Vozdvizhenskoe, as they had arranged to do long before; they went on staying in Moscow, though they both loathed it, because of late there had been no agreement between them. The irritability that kept them apart had no external cause, and all efforts to come to an understanding intensified it, instead of removing it. It was an inner irritation, grounded in her mind on the conviction that his love had grown less; in his, on regret that he had put himself for her sake in a difficult position, which she, instead of lightening, made still more difficult. Neither of them gave full utterance to their sense of grievance, but they considered each other in the wrong, and tried on every pretext to prove this to one another. In her eyes the whole of him, with all his habits, ideas, desires, with all his spiritual and physical temperament, was one thing—love for women, and that love, she felt, ought to be entirely concentrated on her alone. That love was less; consequently, as she reasoned, he must have transferred part of his love to other women or to another woman—and she was jealous. She was jealous not of any particular woman but of the decrease of his love. Not having got an object for her jealousy, she was on the lookout for it. At the slightest hint she transferred her jealousy from one object to another. At one time she was jealous of those low women with whom he might so easily renew his old bachelor ties; then she was jealous of the society women he might meet; then she was jealous of the imaginary girl whom he might want to marry, for whose sake he would break with her. And this last form of jealousy tortured her most of all, especially as he had unwarily told her, in a moment of frankness, that his mother knew him so little that she had had the audacity to try and persuade him to marry the young Princess Sorokina. And being jealous of him, Anna was indignant against him and found grounds for indignation in everything. For everything that was difficult in her position she blamed him. The agonizing condition of suspense she had passed in Moscow, the tardiness and indecision of Alexey Alexandrovitch, her solitude—she put it all down to him. If he had loved her he would have seen all the bitterness of her position, and would have rescued her from it. For her being in Moscow and not in the country, he was to blame too. He could not live buried in the country as she would have liked to do. He must have society, and he had put her in this awful position, the bitterness of which he would not see. And again, it was his fault that she was forever separated from her son. Even the rare moments of tenderness that came from time to time did not soothe her; in his tenderness now she saw a shade of complacency, of self-confidence, which had not been of old, and which exasperated her. It was dusk. Anna was alone, and waiting for him to come back from a bachelor dinner. She walked up and down in his study (the room where the noise from the street was least heard), and thought over every detail of their yesterday’s quarrel. Going back from the well-remembered, offensive words of the quarrel to what had been the ground of it, she arrived at last at its origin. For a long while she could hardly believe that their dissension had arisen from a conversation so inoffensive, of so little moment to either. But so it actually had been. It all arose from his laughing at the girls’ high schools, declaring they were useless, while she defended them. He had spoken slightingly of women’s education in general, and had said that Hannah, Anna’s English protégée, had not the slightest need to know anything of physics. This irritated Anna. She saw in this a contemptuous reference to her occupations. And she bethought her of a phrase to pay him back for the pain he had given her. “I don’t expect you to understand me, my feelings, as anyone who loved me might, but simple delicacy I did expect,” she said. And he had actually flushed with vexation, and had said something unpleasant. She could not recall her answer, but at that point, with an unmistakable desire to wound her too, he had said: “I feel no interest in your infatuation over this girl, that’s true, because I see it’s unnatural.” The cruelty with which he shattered the world she had built up for herself so laboriously to enable her to endure her hard life, the injustice with which he had accused her of affectation, of artificiality, aroused her. “I am very sorry that nothing but what’s coarse and material is comprehensible and natural to you,” she said and walked out of the room. When he had come in to her yesterday evening, they had not referred to the quarrel, but both felt that the quarrel had been smoothed over, but was not at an end. Today he had not been at home all day, and she felt so lonely and wretched in being on bad terms with him that she wanted to forget it all, to forgive him, and be reconciled with him; she wanted to throw the blame on herself and to justify him. “I am myself to blame. I’m irritable, I’m insanely jealous. I will make it up with him, and we’ll go away to the country; there I shall be more at peace.” “Unnatural!” She suddenly recalled the word that had stung her most of all, not so much the word itself as the intent to wound her with which it was said. “I know what he meant; he meant—unnatural, not loving my own daughter, to love another person’s child. What does he know of love for children, of my love for Seryozha, whom I’ve sacrificed for him? But that wish to wound me! No, he loves another woman, it must be so.” And perceiving that, while trying to regain her peace of mind, she had gone round the same circle that she had been round so often before, and had come back to her former state of exasperation, she was horrified at herself. “Can it be impossible? Can it be beyond me to control myself?” she said to herself, and began again from the beginning. “He’s truthful, he’s honest, he loves me. I love him, and in a few days the divorce will come. What more do I want? I want peace of mind and trust, and I will take the blame on myself. Yes, now when he comes in, I will tell him I was wrong, though I was not wrong, and we will go away tomorrow.” And to escape thinking any more, and being overcome by irritability, she rang, and ordered the boxes to be brought up for packing their things for the country. At ten o’clock Vronsky came in.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter is one of Tolstoy's most precise psychological studies, operating almost entirely within Anna's consciousness through a technique that anticipates the modern interior monologue. The narrator grants us direct access to Anna's recursive thought process—her attempts at self-correction, her momentary resolutions, and her inevitable relapse into jealousy—rendering the entrapment of obsessive thinking with clinical fidelity. The chapter's structure mirrors its subject: Anna's mind moves in circles, and so does the prose, returning again and again to the same accusations and the same hollow resolutions.

The opening generalisation about families who remain in disagreeable places because they can achieve neither complete division nor loving agreement functions as a sociological frame that immediately contextualises Anna and Vronsky's paralysis. Tolstoy uses this authorial aside to universalise their predicament before narrowing to the particular, a characteristic movement from the general to the intimate that gives the novel its panoramic moral authority. The dusty Moscow summer becomes an objective correlative for the stagnation of their relationship: leaves covered in dust, heat without relief, beauty turned oppressive.

Anna's jealousy is rendered with unusual philosophical precision. She is not jealous of any specific woman but of the abstract diminishment of love itself—a distinction Tolstoy makes explicit and that elevates her suffering above mere possessiveness into something more existential. Because the object of jealousy is formless, it is also inexhaustible; she projects it onto low women, society women, and finally the imaginary Princess Sorokina, each substitution more tormenting than the last. This escalating series enacts the logic of paranoia, showing how a mind deprived of a concrete grievance will manufacture one.

The quarrel over Hannah and women's education is deliberately trivial in its occasion, and Tolstoy underscores this: Anna herself can barely believe so slight a conversation produced such damage. Yet the words exchanged carry disproportionate symbolic weight. Vronsky's dismissal of women's education as "useless" and his labelling of Anna's attachment to Hannah as "unnatural" strike at the two things Anna has constructed to give her diminished life meaning—intellectual engagement and surrogate maternal love. The word "unnatural" reverberates through the chapter's second half, each recurrence deepening its wound, because Anna hears in it an indictment of her abandonment of Seryozha, her real child, for Vronsky.

The chapter closes on a gesture of willed action—ordering the trunks packed—that is both practical and symbolic. Anna cannot resolve the internal conflict through thought, so she attempts to resolve it through movement, through the physical act of departure. Yet the reader, knowing the circular pattern the chapter has established, understands that geography will not cure what is psychological. Vronsky's arrival at the final line is a structural suspension, a held breath before the next turn of the cycle, and it exemplifies Tolstoy's mastery of the chapter as unit of dramatic tension.

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