Anna Karenina Study Guide
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Part Three, Chapter 20

Chapter Summary

The narrator surveys Vronsky's personal code of conduct—a rigid set of unwritten rules governing debts, honesty, and honor that has hitherto given him certainty. His relationships with Anna, her husband, and society are each slotted neatly into this code: Anna commands his fullest respect, Karenin is a superfluous obstacle, and society must hold its tongue. The chapter then reveals that Anna has just told Vronsky she is pregnant, a fact his code cannot accommodate.

Vronsky works through the implications: urging Anna to leave her husband would require money and resignation from the army, both of which threaten his suppressed but powerful ambition. The recent return of his childhood rival Serpuhovskoy—now a celebrated general—rekindles that ambition sharply. After a prolonged internal reckoning, Vronsky convinces himself that remaining in the army costs him nothing and that Anna's love compensates for any envy. Reassured, he shaves, bathes, and goes out.

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Original Text
Vronsky’s life was particularly happy in that he had a code of principles, which defined with unfailing certitude what he ought and what he ought not to do. This code of principles covered only a very small circle of contingencies, but then the principles were never doubtful, and Vronsky, as he never went outside that circle, had never had a moment’s hesitation about doing what he ought to do. These principles laid down as invariable rules: that one must pay a cardsharper, but need not pay a tailor; that one must never tell a lie to a man, but one may to a woman; that one must never cheat anyone, but one may a husband; that one must never pardon an insult, but one may give one and so on. These principles were possibly not reasonable and not good, but they were of unfailing certainty, and so long as he adhered to them, Vronsky felt that his heart was at peace and he could hold his head up. Only quite lately in regard to his relations with Anna, Vronsky had begun to feel that his code of principles did not fully cover all possible contingencies, and to foresee in the future difficulties and perplexities for which he could find no guiding clue. His present relation to Anna and to her husband was to his mind clear and simple. It was clearly and precisely defined in the code of principles by which he was guided. She was an honorable woman who had bestowed her love upon him, and he loved her, and therefore she was in his eyes a woman who had a right to the same, or even more, respect than a lawful wife. He would have had his hand chopped off before he would have allowed himself by a word, by a hint, to humiliate her, or even to fall short of the fullest respect a woman could look for. His attitude to society, too, was clear. Everyone might know, might suspect it, but no one might dare to speak of it. If any did so, he was ready to force all who might speak to be silent and to respect the non-existent honor of the woman he loved. His attitude to the husband was the clearest of all. From the moment that Anna loved Vronsky, he had regarded his own right over her as the one thing unassailable. Her husband was simply a superfluous and tiresome person. No doubt he was in a pitiable position, but how could that be helped? The one thing the husband had a right to was to demand satisfaction with a weapon in his hand, and Vronsky was prepared for this at any minute. But of late new inner relations had arisen between him and her, which frightened Vronsky by their indefiniteness. Only the day before she had told him that she was with child. And he felt that this fact and what she expected of him called for something not fully defined in that code of principles by which he had hitherto steered his course in life. And he had been indeed caught unawares, and at the first moment when she spoke to him of her position, his heart had prompted him to beg her to leave her husband. He had said that, but now thinking things over he saw clearly that it would be better to manage to avoid that; and at the same time, as he told himself so, he was afraid whether it was not wrong. “If I told her to leave her husband, that must mean uniting her life with mine; am I prepared for that? How can I take her away now, when I have no money? Supposing I could arrange.... But how can I take her away while I’m in the service? If I say that—I ought to be prepared to do it, that is, I ought to have the money and to retire from the army.” And he grew thoughtful. The question whether to retire from the service or not brought him to the other and perhaps the chief though hidden interest of his life, of which none knew but he. Ambition was the old dream of his youth and childhood, a dream which he did not confess even to himself, though it was so strong that now this passion was even doing battle with his love. His first steps in the world and in the service had been successful, but two years before he had made a great mistake. Anxious to show his independence and to advance, he had refused a post that had been offered him, hoping that this refusal would heighten his value; but it turned out that he had been too bold, and he was passed over. And having, whether he liked or not, taken up for himself the position of an independent man, he carried it off with great tact and good sense, behaving as though he bore no grudge against anyone, did not regard himself as injured in any way, and cared for nothing but to be left alone since he was enjoying himself. In reality he had ceased to enjoy himself as long ago as the year before, when he went away to Moscow. He felt that this independent attitude of a man who might have done anything, but cared to do nothing, was already beginning to pall, that many people were beginning to fancy that he was not really capable of anything but being a straightforward, good-natured fellow. His connection with Madame Karenina, by creating so much sensation and attracting general attention, had given him a fresh distinction which soothed his gnawing worm of ambition for a while, but a week before that worm had been roused up again with fresh force. The friend of his childhood, a man of the same set, of the same coterie, his comrade in the Corps of Pages, Serpuhovskoy, who had left school with him and had been his rival in class, in gymnastics, in their scrapes and their dreams of glory, had come back a few days before from Central Asia, where he had gained two steps up in rank, and an order rarely bestowed upon generals so young. As soon as he arrived in Petersburg, people began to talk about him as a newly risen star of the first magnitude. A schoolfellow of Vronsky’s and of the same age, he was a general and was expecting a command, which might have influence on the course of political events; while Vronsky, independent and brilliant and beloved by a charming woman though he was, was simply a cavalry captain who was readily allowed to be as independent as ever he liked. “Of course I don’t envy Serpuhovskoy and never could envy him; but his advancement shows me that one has only to watch one’s opportunity, and the career of a man like me may be very rapidly made. Three years ago he was in just the same position as I am. If I retire, I burn my ships. If I remain in the army, I lose nothing. She said herself she did not wish to change her position. And with her love I cannot feel envious of Serpuhovskoy.” And slowly twirling his mustaches, he got up from the table and walked about the room. His eyes shone particularly brightly, and he felt in that confident, calm, and happy frame of mind which always came after he had thoroughly faced his position. Everything was straight and clear, just as after former days of reckoning. He shaved, took a cold bath, dressed and went out.
Source text: Project Gutenberg #1399. Public domain worldwide. Translated by Constance Garnett (1901)
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This chapter functions as an extended interior monologue that exposes the architecture of Vronsky's self-image. Tolstoy opens with the ironic observation that Vronsky's code of principles covers "only a very small circle of contingencies"—a structural limitation the narrator presents with deadpan precision. The code's specific rules (one may lie to a woman; one may cheat a husband) reveal a morality built entirely on social convention and masculine privilege rather than genuine ethical reasoning. Tolstoy's use of free indirect discourse allows the reader to inhabit Vronsky's logic while simultaneously perceiving its hollowness, a technique that generates sustained dramatic irony throughout the chapter.

Anna's pregnancy is the chapter's pivotal event, yet Vronsky processes it almost entirely in terms of its logistical inconvenience to himself. The word "indefiniteness" recurs as the source of his anxiety: what frightens him is not moral responsibility but the absence of a ready-made rule. This reveals that his celebrated self-possession is not genuine equanimity but codified avoidance of complexity. The pregnancy thus functions as a narrative pressure point that begins to crack the smooth surface of his self-satisfaction.

The introduction of Serpuhovskoy enacts the novel's broader concern with ambition and social competition. Serpuhovskoy is Vronsky's double—same school, same age, same starting point—and his meteoric rise literalizes what Vronsky has sacrificed or deferred. Tolstoy structures the comparison carefully: Vronsky first denies envy, then quantifies it, then suppresses it by invoking Anna's love. The sequence mirrors the chapter's larger pattern of rationalization masquerading as resolution.

The closing physical actions—shaving, a cold bath, dressing, going out—form a ritual of self-restoration that Tolstoy deploys with quiet irony. The narrator notes that Vronsky felt "confident, calm, and happy" as he always did "after he had thoroughly faced his position," yet the reader understands that he has not faced his position at all; he has merely rearranged its surfaces. The bodily routine signals a return to the social performance of composure rather than any genuine moral reckoning.

Thematically, the chapter advances Tolstoy's critique of aristocratic masculinity as a system that protects its adherents from self-knowledge. Vronsky's code is presented not as hypocrisy in the vulgar sense but as something more insidious: a sincere belief in conventions that happen to exempt him from accountability to women, servants, and the consequences of his own desires. Anna's pregnancy—and the child who will eventually be born—will progressively expose the inadequacy of this code, making the chapter a crucial hinge between Vronsky's confident early characterization and his later moral disintegration.

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✎ Mr. Shifflett's Note
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